IFusarium Wheat yisifo esidalwa yisikhunta seFusarium. Ekolweni ebusika, ibhali nokunye okusanhlamvu, ukutheleleka kukhipha ukulahleka okukhulu kwesivuno kanye nekhwalithi yayo. Ukutheleleka kuholela ekukhuleni kancane futhi ekuwohlokeni kokuhluma. Izinhlobo ezithile zamakhowe zikhiqiza izinto ezinobuthi, ngenxa yalokhu, okusanhlamvu kuba kungakulungele ukusetshenziswa kwabantu nezilwane.
Izimpawu ze-Fusarium Cereals
Izimpawu zesifo se-Fusarium spike lesion ziyehluka ngokuya ngohlobo lwesikhunta lesi sifo esaluvusa:
| Buka | Incazelo |
| Amabele, Amashansi, Oat | I-mycelium ebomvana ebomvu namabala. |
| I-Sporotrichovy, i-Bluegrass | Ukukhanya okupinki okukhanyayo ezindlebeni zommbila. |
| I-Tricintum, Sporotrich | Ukubona nge-Ocular endlebeni. |
Ungaqonda ukuthi okusanhlamvu kuthelelelwa yizimpawu ezilandelayo:
- imbewu ibuthakathaka, ibunjiwe, ine-groove ejulile, izinhlangothi ezikhombe;
- ingaphezulu lingenamibala noma lipinki kancane, alikhanyi;
- i-endosperm friable, crumbling;
- ukungabonakali kahle kwengilazi noma ukulahleka kwayo;
- ku-groove ye-mycelium ye-mushroom ngendlela ye-spider web ye-whitish or pinkish hue ne-conidia;
- amagciwane okusanhlamvu awakwazi ukusebenza, amnyama kusiki.
Noma ngabe kukhona okusanhlamvu okubonakalayo okunempilo, uma isiko lithinteka yiFusarium, akunakwenzeka ukuyidla ukudla noma ngezinjongo zokudla. Kungaba ne-mycotoxins. Ngakho-ke, ukugcinwa kwesitshalo akunangqondo, kufanele kubhujiswe.
Ukusakazeka kokutheleleka
Ukutheleleka nge-ascospores ne-conidia kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokukhula. Mushroom mycelium ubusika enhlabathini, ezingxenyeni ezisele zezitshalo. Kwizinsalela zezitshalo, kwakheka imizimba yezithelo equkethe ama-ascospores. Zithinta izimpande (i-Fusarium izimpande zokubola) neziqu ngesikhathi sokuhluma kwembewu. Ifomu leConidia kumahlamvu athelelekile wehlosi eliphansi notshani. Ngomoya nangesikhathi semvula enkulu, zithwalwa ngezindlebe eziqhakazayo (fusarium spike).
Izitshalo zitholakala kalula ekuthelelekeni kweFusarium kumswakama womoya ophakeme kanye lokushisa lika + 20 ... +25 ° C.
Ama-spores awela kuma-anthers, lapho angena kuwo ngaphakathi nge-impova. Kwadala indawo ethokomele ecebile ngezakhamzimba zokuhluma nokuthuthuka kwamakhowe.
Ngenxa yalokhu, i-caryopsis, esanda kuqala ukwakheka kwayo, igciwane, i-fusarium bola noma i-wilt ikhula.
Ingozi yokudla okusanhlamvu kwe-fusarium
Okusanhlamvu okuthelelekile kuguqula ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali. Amaprotheni ahlanganisa ukubola, i-fiber kanye nesitashi kuyachithwa. UGluten akahlinzeki ngokuqina okudingekayo kokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yebhikawozi. Ngenxa yalokhu, imikhiqizo kafulawa ine-coarse, emnyama, enkulu-pore crumb.
Ukufaka ushevu okusanhlamvu okuqukethe i-mycotoxins kubangela ukugabha, ukuquleka, nokuphazamiseka kwemishini yokubonakalayo. Lezi zimpawu ziwuphawu lokudakwa kotshwala, yingakho abantu bebiza imikhiqizo enebhikawozi enegciwane ngokuthi “isinkwa esidakiwe”.
Uma udla okusanhlamvu okuthelelekile ekudleni, kungavusa i-anemia, i-septic tonillitis, izifo zesikhumba. Ngezinjongo zokuphaka, futhi azifaneleki, kubangela i-pathologies enzima yesibindi nezinso, kuphazamisa ukuzala futhi kuholele esikhunjeni se-necrosis.
Izindlela zokulawula zokudla okusanhlamvu
Ukwelashwa okuvikelwa ngama-fungicides amakhemikhali kunconywa ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela.
Kunezindlela eziningana zokwenza lokhu:
| Indlela yokusebenza | Incazelo |
| Umile | Ubuthi be-Powder. Okubi ukusatshalaliswa okungalingani. |
| Imile eyomile | Kucutshungulwa nenani elincane lamalungiselelo we-liquid (5-10 l nge-1 ithoni yembewu). Ngakho-ke, okusanhlamvu akuxutshwa kakhulu, asikho isidingo sokoma. Ukhiphe: ukusetshenziswa kwemishini ekhethekile. |
| Imvula | Ukucwilisa kwenhlabathi noma ukufafaza nge-fungicide ngomiswe okuqhubekayo, ukuze izimpande (fusarium) ukubola kungaqali. |
Kuyadingeka futhi ukufafaza okusanhlamvu esikhathini semifino. Izidakamizwa ezisebenza kahle kakhulu zingama-triazoles nama-benzimidazoles:
| Igama lezidakamizwa | Ungayisebenzisa kanjani | Ukusetshenziswa (l / ha) | Inani lezindlela zokwelaphakulungile |
| I-Aval | Ukunisela esigabeni seqabunga lokugcina, ukuphuma kwes spike noma ukuqala kwesihloko. | 300 | 1 |
| I-Amistar Engeziwe | Ukufafaza esigabeni sokukhula kwezindlebe nangaphambi kokuqhakaza. | 300 | 2 |
| Colfugo Super | Kusetshenziswa ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela (10 l / t). Isifutho senziwa esiteji sesihloko nangaphambi kokuqhakaza. | 300 | 2 |
I-Prozaro | Kusetshenziswe esiteji seqabunga lokugcina, ukuphuma kwes spike nangaphambi kokuqhakaza. | 200-300 | 1-2 |
Ukuze ulwe ne-Fusarium lesion, into ebaluleke kakhulu ukungalahli isikhathi.
Ukulibaziseka kwezinsuku ezimbili-kubangela ukusebenza kukabili.
Ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yemvelo kuphela ene-fungus esebenzayo ngeke kusize, kepha kungasetjenziswa ngaphezu kwe-fungicides. Lokhu kuzonyusa ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwalokhu okugcina.
Ukulungiswa kwezinto eziphilayo kufaka izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezibonisa umsebenzi wokuphikisana ne-pathogen ethile. Kwi-ejenti ye-causative ye-fusarium, le yi-Trichoderma lignorum fungi kanye namagciwane Pseudomonas fluorescens.
Kodwa-ke, azikwazi ukusetshenziswa ngasikhathi sinye ngama-fungicides, ngakho-ke kuphela ama-pseudomonads aleli qembu asala emikhiqizweni yezinto eziphilayo:
- I-Plriz. Kusetshenziswe ekuphumeni ukuya eshubhu nakuqala kwezimbali.
- I-Pseudobacterin-2. Ukunisela esigabeni seqabunga lokugcina nokukhula kwes spike.
Kukhona ubuchwepheshe be-eco-technologies obwenza sikwazi ukukhulisa izitshalo ngaphandle kwama-pathologies kuphela kumalungiselelo wezinto eziphilayo, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amakhemikhali:
- Yenza ukwelashwa kokuhlwanyela kwangaphambili ngenhlanganisela yeTrichodermin ne-Planriz.
- Phinda esigabeni sokuhluma nokuhluma.
- Esiteji sokuphuma, fafaza i-tube futhi ngokufaka iBetzimide.
Ukuvimbela ukuvela kwe-fusarium kakolweni kuzosiza:
- ukulima ekwindla okujulile;
- ukuhlanzwa okufika ngesikhathi kwezitshalo kuhlala (lokhu kuzovikela intuthuko
- Izifo eziningi zokukhunta, kubandakanya kanye ophiobolezny izimpande bola);
- ukuhambisana nebanga lokuhlwanyela phakathi kwezindlebe;
- ukubhujiswa kotshani lokhula.
Okusanhlamvu kukaFusarium, kufaka phakathi ukolweni wasebusika nama-oats ayinkinga enkulu embonini yezolimo. Kodwa-ke, ukulandela imithetho ethile yokuhlwanyela nokukhula, ukuphathwa nge-prophylactic ngezidakamizwa ezikhethekile kuzonciphisa kakhulu amathuba okuba khona kwawo. Noma yisiphi isifo kulula ukusivimba kunokulahlekelwa izitshalo nokuphatha izilimo isikhathi eside.
