Inyosi iyimithombo ebalulekile yamandla kumuntu, ngoba le nyama enhle kunazo zonke iyanelisa izidingo zomzimba ngezici zokulandelela ezibalulekile namavithamini.
Izinkomo nezinkunzi zezinhlobo zezinyama, njengombuso, zikhulu kakhulu, zikhula ngokushesha, futhi inyama yazo iphezulu ngamakholori.
Izinkomo ezincelisayo cishe azibaniki ubisi, futhi zizuze isisindo ngaphezu kwabesifazane bezindawo zobisi noma inyama kanye nobisi.
Kwaphela isikhathi eside sokulima, kwavela izinhlobo eziningana, okuyiyona ndlela engcono kakhulu ebonisa umgomo ngenxa yalezi zifuyo ezizalwe futhi zikhuliswe.
Incazelo yalezi zizwe ungayithola kule ndaba.
Uhlobo lwezinkomo zaseHereford
Uhlobo lwe-Hereford lunye lwezinhlobo ezidumile kakhulu ezidumile zenyama emhlabeni.
Umbala walezi zilwane ubomvu obomvu, kodwa ikhanda, liyabuna, isisu, u-dewlap, umsila womsila kanye nengxenye engezansi yemilenze yenziwe ngombala omhlophe. Iphunga lalezi zindezi liluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Umthethosisekelo wabamele abelesi sizwe ngokuyinhloko inyama. Isilwane sifinyelela ukuphakama okuphakathi kuka-125 cm, nobude buka-150-155 cm. Umzimba unomgqomo, kunalokho u-squat, ojulile futhi obanzi.
I-Fench ihamba ngokuqinile, ngakho ibonakala ngokucacile kusuka ohlangothini. I-sternum ibanzi futhi ihlezi ngokujulile. Ingemuva futhi ihamba ivulekile kodwa imfushane. Izimpondo zincane kakhulu, kodwa zincane. Isikhumba sigcwele izinwele ezincane ezithambile, ezincane kakhulu, ezithambile esakhiweni.
Izinkunzi zingathola isisindo kusuka ku-850 kuya ku-1000 kg, kanye nezilwane - kusuka ku-550 kuya ku-650 kg.
Kulula kakhulu ukuncelisa izilwane zalolu hlobo, zithintekayo kakhulu ngokuhamba emadlelweni abo. Inyama yalezi zinkomo nezinkunzi iyikhwalithi ephakeme kakhulu, iyinhlangano ye "marble" inyama. Ekuhlatshweni cishe u-58-62% wesisindo esiphezulu sesilwane kuyoba yinyama, ilungele ukusetshenziswa nokusetshenziswa.
Izinkomo zase-Hereford azifuni ukunakekelwa, zingakwazi ukumboza amabanga amade, azikho izifo ezithile, futhi ziyakwazi ukutholakala ngokushesha.
Banayo kakhulu ukuzolabahlala isikhathi eside kakhulu - iminyaka engu-15-18.
Phakathi nayo yonke iminyaka yokuphila, izilwane azilahlekelwa isisindo esiningi, futhi ukuzala kuhlala futhi ezingeni.
Kunezinhlobo zezilinganiso ezenziwa kulezi zinkomo. Ngenxa yalokho, kwaphetha ngokuthi izilwane zalesi sizukulwane emadlelweni zidla cishe zonke izinhlobo zotshani, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziyingozi kangakanani. Lezi zilwane zidla ngisho nokhula.
Okungalungile kuphela kwalesi sizwe ukuthi amathole azalwa amancane, kuphela 25 kg wesisindo bukhoma. Kodwa imizimba yabo inamandla ngokwanele ukuba ingaguli.
Ukuze uthole ukuvikeleka okungeziwe kwesitoko esincane phansi kwesigodlo udinga ukufaka okuningi ketshezi omile. Khona-ke amathole ngeke asabe noma yikuphi ukubandayo. Izinkomo zaseHereford azibheki, ngoba ubisi babo buphansi kakhulu. Amathole agcinwa ekutheni, kodwa yonke inkathi yokulahlwa ingatholakala enkampeni eyodwa ka 1000-1200 kg yobisi, okuqukethwe okungenani okungama-4%.
I-Belgian Blue Cow
Inkomo yaseBelgium inkomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ibhekwa njengelungelo elihle kakhulu emhlabeni. Kwaxoshwa esikhathini eside esidlule, ngekhulu le-19 ezindaweni ezivulekile zaseBelgium. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izilwane zalesi sizwe zithwele ngokugcwele ukukhiqiza inyama enhle.
Izilwane zalolu hlobo zikhulu kakhulu, amafomu azungeze, imisipha iboniswa ngokucacile. Imisipha engaphansi komzimba ibonakala ngokukhethekile ezindaweni zentanyeni, amahlombe, i-pelvis, i-rump ne-back back.
Ingemuva yalezi zindezi iqondile, i-rump iyindilinga, umsila ubhalwe ngokucacile, isikhumba sinamandla kakhulu futhi sibukeka kahle. Lezi zinkomo kakhulu imilenze ethuthukile kahle, ngakho-ke bangakwazi ukuhambisa kalula, banqobe amabanga amakhulu.
Imibala ingahluka kakhulu, kodwa ngaphakathi kweqembu lombala, ngenxa yokuthi lolu hlobo lubizwa ngegama luni.
Isikhumba singaba mhlophe, i-bluish-pegovoy, emnyama noma ibe nemibala yazo yonke imibala yangaphambilini. Ngezinye izikhathi lezi zinkomo eziluhlaza zingaba nezindawo ezibomvu, kodwa lo mbala udluliselwa nge-genotype ehlukile. Lezi zilwane zizolile kakhulu ngenxa yemvelo yazo.
Izinkumbi ezinamandla amakhulu zingalinganisa u-1100-1250 kg, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi isisindo singadlula u-1300 kg. inkunzi ephakeme ingahluka kusuka ku-145 kuya ku-150 cm. Izinkomo zithola isisindo esilinganisiwe esingu-850-900 kg, futhi zifinyelela ubude buka-140 cm.
Isici esihlukile salolu hlobo lwezinkomo izinga eliphezulu lokuthuthukiswa kwemisipha.
I-Geneticists ithole ukuthi i-DNA yezilwane zalolu hlobo iqukethe isakhi esivimbela ukukhiqizwa kwamaprotheni, okukhiqizwa ngumzimba ukuvimbela ukukhula kwemisipha ngemuva kokufinyelela iphuzu elithile.
Kungenxa yokuba khona kwalesi sifo ukuthi imisipha yalolu hlobo lwezinkomo cishe ayisoze ikhula. I-DNA yezinkomo zangaphandle zaseBelgium iqukethe ikhophi kabili yalesi sifo, ngenxa yokuthi, lapho iwela, le ntsha izoqhubeka ikhula ubuhlungu besisindo.
Amathole akanayo imisipha enjalo kusukela ekuzalweni, futhi aqala ukuthola imisipha emasontweni amane kuya kwayisithupha emva kokuzalwa.
Ngenxa yesici sayo esihlukile, izinkomo zaseBelgium zinezidakamizwa ezinkulu ezivela emzimbeni - cishe u-80%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nkomo izoba cishe yokudla ngenxa yemali encishisiwe yamafutha enqwabelana emzimbeni wenkomo.
I-Auliekol ukuzalwa kwezinkomo
I-Auliekol izinkomo zezinkomo zavulwa kamuva, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, ensimini yaseKazakhstan. Ukuze bathole lolu hlobo, abafuyi bawela izinhlobo eziningana, okungukuthi, iCharolais, i-Aberdeen-Angus kanye nohlobo lwasekhaya lwaseKazakh oluhlotshisiwe.
Sekuyiminyaka engama-30, ochwepheshe bezilwane bakwazi ukuletha inyama yalezi zinkomo ezingeni eliphezulu lamazinga aphezulu, ngenxa yokuthi izinkomo ze-auliekolsky namuhla zakhiwe emapulazini amakhulu ezimboni.
Abaningi abamele lolu hlobo (cishe 70%) yi-komolymi, okungukuthi, banayo akukho izimpondo.
Isikhumba salezi zinkomo siwuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, umthethosisekelo unamandla, isibambo esifana nomgqomo. Ebusika, inqwaba ejulile ivela esikhumbeni, evikela umzimba wenkomo kusuka e-hypothermia. Kungenxa yokuba khona kwalezi zinwele, izinkomo ze-auliekolskie zibekezelela ngokuqinile ukuqhwala okukhulu ngaphandle kokulahleka kwesisindo esikhulu.
Lezi zinkomo zikhula futhi zikhule ngokushesha. Inkunzi endala ingaba ngu-950-1050 kg, kanti inkomo ingazuza isisindo esingama-540 - 560 kg.
Kwenzeka kanjalo ukuthi inkunzi ingadla "1500 kg yesisindo somzimba.
Inyama lezi zinkomo zinekhwalithi ephezulu, "imabula", iqukethe amafutha amaningi. Lapho inyama yokuxoshwa i-60-63%. Inyama yalezi zinkabi ijabulela isidingo esikhethekile ezimakethe zaseKazakhstan.
Izinkomo ze-Auliekol zikhulu kakhulu ukuvumelanisa ngokushesha kunoma yikuphi, ngisho nezimo zezulu ezishintsha kakhulu. Iqiniso elithakazelisayo ukuthi isikhumba salezi zinkabi singakwazi ukuhlukanisa sibe izingqimba ezine-4-5, uma ezinye izinhlobo zinenani eliphezulu lezingqimba ezingafinyelela ku-3 kuphela.
Lezi zinkomo azidingi izimo ezikhethekile zezindlu, futhi cishe noma yikuphi uhlobo lwezitshalo ezingadliwa emadlelweni.
Kuyathakazelisa nokufunda ngezici zokubamba inkomo.
Izinkomo zaseKian
Izinkomo zikaKyan zavulwa esigodini saseVal di Chiana e-Italy. Lolu hlobo lubonakala lukhulu kakhulu emhlabeni.
E-CIS, lezi zilwane zavela maduzane, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izinkomo zohlobo lwe-Kian zingabonakala emapulazini amaningi, futhi hhayi kuphela ezimbonini.
Izinkomo zalolu hlobo ngombala omhlophe, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi ungabona izilwane ezine-gray gray isikhumba, futhi ezinkomeni isifuba ngokuvamile sifunga.
Amathambo alawo mfuyo ayencane, ikhanda lilingana, ubuchwepheshe buqondile, izimpondo zincane. Ukubola kuya phezulu, i-sternum ivulekile, imisipha yayo isuke ithuthukile kahle, i-dewlap iqhutshwe ngendlela efanele, umzimba uphambene, ubuhlungu kanye nomhlane bubanzi, imisipha iqhubekile kahle, i-rump iyabushelela futhi idele, imilenze yinde futhi iqonde.
Isikhumba salezi zindezi sincane futhi sincane.
Naphezu kombala wabantu abadala, amathole ekuzalweni anemibala ebomvu. Njengoba kunjalo, bahlala kuze kube yilapho beneminyaka eyi-3 ubudala.
Izinkumbi zingafinyelela ubude obuyi-158 cm, nezilwanyana - 172 cm. Ubude, izinkomo zikhula zibe ngu-170 cm, nezinkunzi - kuze kufinyelele ku-195 cm. Izinkomo zingathola u-720 - 1000 kg wesisindo bukhoma, nezinkunzi - 1300-1800 kg.
Ukukhiqizwa ubisi kwalolu hlobo lwezinkomo kuphansi kakhulu. Isisindo sethole elisanda kuzalwa singama-42-48 kg.
Izinyanga eziyisithupha emva kokuzalwa, ngokuthuthukiswa okuvamile, ukugcinwa kahle nokudla okunempilo, ithole lingathola u-220 kg wesisindo somzimba. Phakathi nosuku inkomo encane noma inkomo ithola isilinganiso esingu-1 - 1.4 kg. Ekuhlatshweni, isivuno sephesenti senyama sinama-60-65%.
Ngeshwa, lolu hlobo lwezinkomo lunezinkinga eziningi. Isibonelo, izilwane zalolu hlobo babe nesimo esinamandlaNgakho-ke, kungaba ukukhahlela umuntu, nokuluma nokushaya uphondo. Zibuye zisebenze ngokweqile, ngakho-ke zingagxuma phezu kocingo, ukuphakama kwalo okungaba ngu-2 m.
Uhlobo olumhlophe lwase-Aquitanian
I-Aquitaine emhlophe yezinkomo yayisencane e-Aquitaine, eFrance. Itholakala ngokuwela i-Goransky, i-White Pyrenean kanye ne-cow Querci.
Izinkomo ezimhlophe ze-Aquitaine zibhekwa njengenye yezinto eziyigugu kakhulu, ngoba yonke inkathi yokulima, izazi zezilwane ziye zaqinisekisa ukuthi inyama yalezi zinkomo ihlangabezana nezimiso ezinamandla kakhulu zokukhethwa kwekhwalithi.
Umbala wesikhumba wenkomo ungahluka kusuka obomvu kuya kumhlophe. Okujwayelekile kunawo wonke ama-golden shade ne-wheat shades, kanti imibuthano ephakathi kwamehlo, uhlangothi lwangaphakathi lwethanga, isisu nesinaki kungenzeka kube mhlophe.
Ukuma kwekhanda lalezi zinkabi kuphakanyisiwe, i-muzzle nebunzi ebunzini bubanzi, ubuso bubunzima obunxantathu. Amacici angase abe khona noma angabi khona. Zabo ngokwabo zikhulu kakhulu, ekukhanyeni - ekukhanyeni, nasezimpilweni - emnyama.
Izinkunzi ezimhlophe ze-Aquitanian ezingenakulinganiswa zingakwazi ukukala kusuka ku-720 kuya ku-1200 kg, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi isisindo singakwazi ukufika kufika ku-1400 kg. Izinkomo zingathola 630-820 kg.
Izilwane zalolu hlobo ziqinile kakhulu, zingakwazi ukubhekana nokubili ukushisa okukhulu, nokushisa okukhulu.
Isisulu kokubili ezinkomeni nasezinkukhu ithuthuke kakhuluikakhulukazi emilenzeni yangaphambili nangemuva.
Lezi zindezi zizinzile kakhulu, ukugcinwa kwazo akudingi inkinga enkulu emkhakheni we "imfundo".
Inyama yalezi zinkomo ibomvu futhi iphinde ibe namafutha. Nge-carcass eyodwa ungathola kusuka ku 65 kuya ku-70% yenyama yokudla ngempela.
Uhlobo lwe-Charolais
Izinkomo zaseCharolais zazaliswa eFrance. Lezi zilwane zijwayele ukwakha imisipha ende, okwenza kube lula ukuthola inyama enamafutha aphansi ekuhlatshweni.
Izinkomo ze-Sharolese zikhulu kakhulu, zikhula ngokushesha, zizuza ngokuzikhandla kwamasipha, ziyakwazi ukutholwa ngokushesha. Umbala walezi zinkomo ungathatha umthunzi kusuka kumhlophe kuya ophuzi.
Isikhumba esikhumbeni sinamandla kakhulu. Inhloko yezilwane imfushane, ikhanda libanzi.
Intamo iyinyama, ifushane. Isifuba senziwe ngokujulile ngokwanele, emuva cishe akusho.
Emuva komzimba kukhona imisipha enhle kakhulu. Imilenze ilungile, yobude obude, ubude obuphakathi kwenkomo eyodwa ngu-135 cm, ngenkunzi - 143 cm.
Ngokuvamile, lezi zinkomo zihlukanisa i-scapula, ngemuva kuthatha isimo esingavamile, futhi emuva komzimba kunomthelela ekufakeni i-hypertrophy. Ngakho-ke, kunzima kakhulu izinkomo ze-sharolez ukuzala amathole.
Naphezu kwalezi ziphutha, lezi zinkomo zihlala isikhathi eside ngokwanele. Kuzo zonke izimpilo, izinkomo ziyakwazi ukuzala amathole. Izinkumbi zihlala isilinganiso seminyaka engu-15, ezinhlathini - eminyakeni engu-13-14.
Phakathi ne-fattening, izinkomo zihlakulela izicubu ezinamahloni amaningi, hhayi amafutha amakhulu, okwenza inyama ibe yi-calorie ephansi ngempela.
Izinkumbi ziyakwazi ukuthola amathani ayisisindo esingu-1 - 1.2, nesisindo - amathani ayi-0.6 - 0.7. I-Charolais ingokwenyama yemfuyo, kodwa lezi zinkomo nazo zinekhanda eliphakeme lokukhiqiza ubisi, hhayi nje kuphela ngesikhathi se-lactation.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhetha kungokwakho. Zizwa ukhululekile ukuthenga inkomo ehambisana nawe ngencazelo. Emva kwesikhashana uthola inkabi eningi yekhwalithi.
