Uma wenze isinqumo sokutshala umhlaba nge rye, awuzange uphazamiseke. Lokhu kuyindlela yokuwina, uma nje ngoba isiko lensimu ye-agronomy sisetshenziswa kakhulu njengomanyolo ohlaza kanye nemithi yomhlabathi. Ukuvuna okuvuna kuyasetshenziswa - kunezindlela eziningi zokupheka zokupheka nezokudliwa, isithako esiyinhloko lapho kukhona okusanhlamvu, ama-bran kanye nama-rye stalks. Sakwazi ukuqoqa iseluleko esiwusizo esivela kunazo zonke izimboni zomboni mayelana nendlela yokuhlela ukulungiselela, ukutshala nokulima kwalokhu utshani.
Uyazi? Izinsimu ze-Rye zitholakala cishe yonke iNyakatho yeNyakatho yezwe. Abakhiqizi abakhulu kunabo bonke baseJalimane, ePoland, eRussia, eChina. Ezweni lakithi, amathani angama-640 aqoqwa njalo ngonyaka.
Uhlobo lwe-Spring nobusika: incazelo
Okokuqala, sichaza ukuthi yiyiphi i-rye, yiziphi izici zayo nokuhluka.
Ngezinhloso zezolimo ukuvunwa okukhulu kwe-forage ehlwanyelwe i-rye, etholakala ngenqubo yokuwela izinhlobo zezilwane zasendle. Kuhlangane njalo. Ezindaweni ezisenyakatho ye-Ukraine, izinhlobo "Tatyanka" ne "Vesnyanka" ziyathandwa, futhi ezindaweni eziseningizimu - "Odessa zisetshenziswa".
Ukuze uhlangabezane nezidingo zokudla kanye nomquba ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kusetshenziswa i-rye, ekhula iminyaka eyodwa. Ezimweni eziningi, leli qembu limelelwa yizinhlobo ze-diploid ("Amanda", "Ukulwa", "Bohuslavka"), okubonakala ngokumelene neqhwa nokukhanya. Futhi abazithobayo ezimweni ezikhulayo. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi eside kanye nokuhlolwa kwababelethi abavezwa ukuvela kwe-rye ye-tetraploid, isibonelo, "uPhuhovchanka", izimpawu ezijwayelekile zokuthi ukubekezela ukufaka iziqu nezinhlamvu ezinkulu.
Uhlelo lwempande olunamandla luhlukahluka kwezinhlobo ze-rye zonyaka. Izimpande eziphefumulayo zikhula ngamamitha angu-1.5 kuya kwangu-2 futhi azixhomeki ekutheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banekhono eliphezulu lokubamba izakhi. Ngokutshala okujulile kwembewu, ama-node asezindaweni ezibekwe emazingeni amabili: phezulu futhi aphansi. I-primacy ihlala kwenye engxenyeni engenhla yomhlabathi. Ezimweni ezihle, amahlumela angaphezu kuka-50 angakhula kusuka kwenzalo eyodwa. Ukukhiqizwa ngaphakathi kwe-20 - 40 c / hectare.
Amalungu omndeni wezinhlamvu ezinomsoco wonyaka nonyaka ongapheliyo ahlukaniswe abe uhlobo olubili: entwasahlobo nasebusika. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlelwe kanjani, i-rye yilezi zitshalo ezinokumelana nokuhlukumeza futhi ngokusho kwencazelo yezici ezikhona ngaphezu kwekolweni. Okokuqala, akudingekile kakhulu ezimweni ezikhulayo, okwesibili, izakhiwo ze-phytosanitary kuphela ezitholakala kuyo, futhi okwesithathu, lesi sitshalo simelana nezifo nezinambuzane kahle.
Kubalulekile! Uma kukhona i-potassium encane enhlabathini, amaqabunga e-rye azokhula kabi, ukuqina kwe-bushiness nokumelana nokulala kuzokwehla. Ngokuntuleka kwe-phosphorus ne-potassium, lesi sitshalo sizwela ukunciphisa izinga lokushisa.
Ngokwenza njalo, izitshalo zasebusika zihlwanyelwa kaningi (Niva, Khakada, Drevlyanskaya). Banike isivuno esikhulu ngisho nasemhlabathini omhlabathi osenhlabathi, ukubekezelela ubuhle obukhulu bomhlabathi, ukoma kwentwasahlobo kanye nensipho ngesikhathi sokushisa kweqhwa elithambile. Ngaphandle kokumboza kungasinda ama-degrees angu-25 eqhwa. I-rye rye ihlukaniswe yizici eziphilayo futhi inikeza amahlumela okuqala ngo-1 - 2 ° С, futhi ema-12 ° С imifino iqinisa impela indawo futhi ngokushesha isihlahla. Ngokwesilinganiso, inkathi ekhulayo ivela ezinsukwini ezingu-270 kuya ku-350. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isiko sinomthelela kakhulu emazingeni aphezulu okushisa, singakwazi ukugaya ngesikhathi sokuqina, futhi uma sisetshenziswe njengesitshalo esiphakathi, sitshala kakhulu inhlabathi. Etshalwe endaweni yemifino kudingeka iphuze ngokuphelele. I-spring rye ihlwanyelwa entwasahlobo, ikakhulukazi esifundeni saseCarpathian nasezindaweni ezizintaba zaseCarpathians. Ezindaweni ezisemaphandleni nasenyakatho ye-Ukraine, kuvame ukukhula njengomshuwalense ngokuqothula kwezitshalo zasebusika, kanye nokuxube kokudla. Izinhlobo ezidumile ziyi "Onokhoy", "Tulunskaya", "Kabarda". Ukuzikhethela kwabo kuyisidingo sokwandisa izinga lokutshala ngenxa yokulimala okubi. Naphezu kokutholakala kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuhlwanyela ngonyaka, i-rye evamile iyalinywa kwezolimo ezifuywayo.
Izici ze-rye yokutshala
Ukuhlwanyela idijithi engadini yemifino, uyayivikela ekukhuliseni komhlabathi futhi uyicebise nge nitrogen, potassium, izinto eziphilayo ezifaka isandla ekukhuliseni nasekuphepheni komoya emhlabathini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuqeda izinambuzane ezicasulayo nokhula. Ngisho nezikhathi eziphilayo ezinjenge-wheatgrass ne-knotting ngeke zime.
Kunconywa ukuthi i-rye yebusika ilungiselele isayithi kusengaphambili futhi ihlele ukuhlwanyela emva kwezitshalo ezikude. Ingasetshenziswa futhi njengesandulela sezinhlamvu ezifile noma zasentshaleni noma njengesitshalo esiphakathi. Akumangalisi ukuthi izazi ze-agronomists zibiza umquba we-rye ohlaza, ongekho ngaphansi kwekhwalithi yawo kumanxushunxushu nama-mineral complexes. Ngalesi sizathu, kubalulekile ukubala ukutshala ukuze izimboni ze-siderat zizokwakhiwa ngaphambi kwentwasahlobo.
Ngesikhathi esingaphandle, lapho iningi labamele izitshalo zemifino lingakwazi ukuthuthukisa ngokugcwele, izimpande ze-rye zikhulula inhlabathi, futhi lapho ziqala khona, zihluma, ezanda ngokushesha i-biomass. Ukuhluma kwamahlumela kuzothuthukiswa ngokulimaza umbhede nge-rake. Hfuthi amasonto ambalwa ngaphambi kokutshala isitshalo esikhulu, amahlumela we-rye anqunywe, uma nje ukuphakama kwawo kufinyelela ku-60 cm, futhi bangcwatshwa ngo-3-5 cm emhlabathini, ukuze ubukhulu budibaniswe futhi izimbongolo zomhlaba ziboshwe kuyo. Ngokwesilinganiso, cishe u-5 kg wezitshalo kufanele kube ngamitha yendawo ngayinye. Amazambane, i-zucchini, utamatisi, ithanga, iklabishi, ukhukhamba zizokhula ngokushesha ezweni elinjalo.
Kubalulekile! Akunconywa ukutshala i-rhubarb ne-sorrel ngemuva kwe-rye, futhi umbhede we-rye awukwazi ukwakheka endaweni yesigqila esingapheli.
Kungcono ukuhlwanyela uketshezi emva kwe-lupine, i-oats, utshani obungapheli nokusika okukodwa, i-flax, isi-silage corn, amazambane. Ngandlela-thile, kungemva kwalesi sivuno sempande izwe eligula nge-nematodes futhi lidinga ukuvuselelwa, okuyinto edingekayo i-rye.
Indlela yokulungisa inhlabathi ye-rye
Kuncike kubangaphambili kanye nenhlabathi kanye nezimo zezulu, isitshalo esikhulu kanye nesitshalo se-preplant senziwa. Ukulungiselela kuqala inyanga eyodwa ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela. Ukuqala ukulima ungqimba oluphezulu noma ngaphandle kokulima. Endaweni ethile ye-site lapho i-rye izokhula khona, ngemuva kwezitshalo zokuvuthwa zakuqala, ukutshala okuyinhloko kwenziwa njengemikhumbi engezansi. Kwanele i-disc noma i-peeling disc noma i-plowshare, ukulima ukujula ukujula kwama-22 - 25 cm kanye nokulima okubili nantathu, futhi isikhathi ngasinye sinciphisa ukujula ngamamitha amaningana.
Uma uhlwanyela nge-flax, amazambane, insimu ihlanzekile kokhula futhi iphathwe nge-flat-cutters ene-needle harrows ekujuleni kuka-10 kuya ku-12 cm. Emibhedeni enezinyosi, iyancipha ibe yi-20 kuya ku-22 cm.
Uma i-corn rye ne-herbaceous ezikhula isikhathi eside kwakungu-precursors we-rye rye, kuyadingeka ukuthi uhambe ngezinsimbi eziyi-12 cm bese ulima 25 cm phansi.
Ngemuva kokusanhlamvu, le ndawo ihlutshiwe futhi ihlwanyelwe ukujula kwe-16-18 cm ezindaweni ezisenyakatho ye-Ukraine no-20-22 cm enkabeni-eningizimu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kudingekile ukuba kuqhutshwe futhi kuphazamiseke. Cabanga, uma kukhona isikhathi esincane kakhulu esisele ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela i-rye, kungcono ukukwenza ngokuphathwa kwama-disc shell.
I-Lupine, ekhulelwe umanyolo, ingcwatshwe emhlabathini ngamasentimitha angu-25, lapho ama-peas amancane afunga kuwo. Izwe lilinywa ukujula kwe-18 - 20 cm.
Ukuze indawo elungiselelwe ingabi nokhula ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela, iyalinywa ngezikhathi ezithile futhi inzima. Ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela, umlimi uphinde waphathwe ngendlela ejulile yokunciphisa okusanhlamvu. Ezinye izazi ze-agronomist zincoma enye yezinhlanganisela ezihlanganisiwe zohlobo RVK - 3.6, RVK - 5.4.
Kubalulekile! Ukubhujiswa kwamagciwane amakhulu, imbewu ihlwanyelwa ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela ne-Fundazole (2.5-3 kg / ithoni), i-Tranozan (1 kg / ton), i-Baytan (2 kg / ithoni). Akunconywa ngokuqinile ukutshala okusha, hhayi ukufaka okusanhlamvu, ngoba angakakulungeli ukuhluma.
Isikhathi esiphelele sokuhlwanyela
Isikhathi lapho kuhlwanyelwa khona utshwala ngaphambi kokubusika kuncike ezimeni ezihlukahlukene, izimo zezulu zesifunda, umswakama womhlabathi, umswakama kanye nesimo sezulu. Isibonelo, izinhlobo ze-diploid kanye ne-rye nemibhede engadini engaphambilini yodinga ukuhlwanyela ekuqaleni. Ukudala imvelo enhle ekwindla futhi kuvimbele ukukhuphuka kwezitshalo, ukunciphisa ukumelana nesithwathwa, izitshalo zasebusika kumele kuhlwanyelwe engxenyeni yesibili yesikhathi esinikeziwe. Ngenxa yalokho, izihlungi ezipholile kakhulu zizoba nesikhathi sokwenza ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo.
Ezimakethe zezolimo zase-Ukraine ezingxenyeni ezisentshonalanga yezwe kanye neHlathi-Steppe yokugcina ubusika obuphephile, zihlwanyelwa eminyakeni eyishumi yesibili kaSepthemba, ePolesie - ekuqaleni, eSteppe - okwesibili - eyishumi leminyaka yesithathu.
Ukwazi ukuthi rye ryela ngokushesha, kubalulekile ukuthi ungaphuthelwa umzuzu. Ngokwesilinganiso, ukuhlwanyela kufanele kwenzeke izinsuku ezingu-50 ngaphambi kokushisa kwehla ngokuqhubekayo (4 - 5 ° С). Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, amahlumela azoqina futhi avuke ngamasentimitha angu-25. Uma uhlwanyela ngokushesha noma kamuva, isiko singase singasabi ebusika.
Izinhlobo zasebusika zingahlwanyelwa entwasahlobo, kodwa isitshalo akufanele sibale. Ukuze isiko sibe nesikhathi sokunamathela, senza lokho okushoyo - imbewu ehlwanyelwe ku-millimeter eyodwa iyimpuphu nge-substrate emanzi futhi ithunyelwe inyanga efrijini. Ngemuva kokusebenza okuhlwanyelwe kuhlwanyelwe. Kukhona umbono wokuthi uma i-rye ekhula ngale ndlela ivunwa, isivuno sayo sanda.
Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlwanyela (izindlela)
Kunezindlela ezintathu zokuhlwanyela:
- i-private evamile nge-tramlines (ephumelela kakhulu, njengoba ikuvumela ukuba usakaze ngokulinganayo imbewu);
- okuncane;
- ukuwela.
Ukushisa kwebusika ngokuhlwanyela kanye nezindlela eziseduze nokolweni. Ukujula okukhulu kwezinhlayiya emhlabathini omnyama onomthamo okwanele we-3-4 cm, emhlabathini owumile ungama-5-6 cm, futhi endaweni esomile i-7-8 cm. Ungakhohlwa ukuthi i-ryeering node ye rye iseduze nezimpande, ngakho-ke ukucindezeleka okuqinile akusho lutho .
Isikhala sangaphakathi-irowu senziwa ngo-15 - 20 cm.
Uyazi? 100 g we okusanhlamvu rye uqukethe 8.8 g amaprotheni; 60.7 g we-carbohydrate; 1.7 g fat; 13.7 g amanzi; 13.2 g we-fiber yokudla; 1.9 g wezinto ezimbiwa ngamaminerali, kanye namanani amancane amavithamini weqembu B, PP, E kanye ne-fiber.
Rye: imithetho yokunakekela (ukhula, ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane, ukulimala, ukugqoka okuphezulu)
Ngokuvamile, ukunakekela imibhede ye-rye, uma kuqhathaniswa nokolweni, kulula kakhulu futhi eshibhile. Incazelo yalokhu ukukhuthazela kwesitshalo kuma-parasites nama-pathogens. Ngaphambi kokuba kukhule i-rye, ake sizifundele izidingo zayo eziyinhloko, ngokuhlukanisa ngezikhathi ngezikhathi.
Ekwindla kubalulekile ukudala izimo zokuhluma kahle, ukukhula kwezimvula, ukulima nokutshala okusanhlamvu. Kuze kube sekugcineni, indawo ehlwanyelwe igcwele isimo sezulu esomile, ngaphandle kwezitshalo emhlabathini onzima. Uma kungenjalo, ugibela ingozi yokuqhathanisa kakhulu izitshalo nomhlabathi, uthola ukuqina okuqinile, okwenza kube nzima ukucindezela amahlumela.
Ebusika, umbhede wensimu kufanele ukhetheke uketshezwa nge-phosphorus-potassium ingxube, ezoqinisa nokukhuthaza ukuqina kogesi. Amahlumela abasha, ama-nitrogen aqukethe ama-fertilizer awaneluleki okwamanje - azobhubhisa izimfanelo ezibandayo ezihlukahlukene.
Ebusika, udinga ukusiza utshani ukuba bunqobe amakhaza, kubumbwe iqhwa kanye nezinye izithiyo ekukhuleni. Ukuze ugcine isitshalo futhi ukwandise isivuno saso kuzosiza ukugcinwa kweqhwa. Emapulazini amakhulu, kwenziwa ngamabhande ehlathini, futhi ekhaya kunganciphisa ukubeka ama-brushwood noma izihlangu.
Kusukela ekupheleni kukaNovemba kuze kufike ngo-Mashi, abanikazi abaqaphele bakhula amasampula ekusetshenzisweni kwezinyathelo ezifanele zokunakekelwa okuqhubekayo.
Entwasahlobo kufanele uqiniseke ukuthi insimu ayitholi amanzi. Uma ehlala izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezingu-10 ensimini, konke kuzobe sekuphele. Emhlabathini onesihlabathi, ohlala njalo ubhekene nokuntuleka komswakama, kunesidingo sokugcina imifudlana encane. Futhi ngaphansi kwezimo zezinhlanzi ezibukhali ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ugoqa emgqumeni ukuze ugcine ikhava yeqhwa kuso. Inqubo izosiza rye ukuphepha ngokuphepha frosts esilandelayo. Awufanele uhambise yonke indawo, shiya indawo.
Lapho kuqala ukushisa, izinsuku ezimbalwa emva kokuba umhlaba uqhume ukuyeka ukunamathela ndawonye, uchithe ukulimaza ukubhubhisa i-crust engenhla bese ususa ukhula oluye lwavela. I-Rye ihlukumeza ezinye izitshalo kusukela kusayithi, ngakho-ke ama-herbicides ayasetshenziswa kakhulu ezindaweni ezigcwele kakhulu.
Uyazi? Rye hit field njengoba ukhula. Ekuqaleni babhekana nazo, bese abase-Asiya bawazisa ukunambitheka kwawo futhi baqala ukuyihlakulela. Ukutshala kokugcina okusanhlamvu kwenza amaSlav.
Maduzane kuzodingeka ukondle amahlumela asinda emva kwebusika. I-Agronomists batusa ukusebenzisa amaminerali amaminerali kabili: ngaphansi kokulima okuyinhloko entwasahlobo. Izinkomba zibalwa ezingeni elingaphansi kunelokhu lokushisa ebusika, ngoba izilinganiso ezinkulu zisusa ukufakwa kweziqu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-rye ibamba izakhi ngisho nasezindaweni ezingenakufinyeleleka kwenhlabathi kakhulu kakhulu. Ngokwesilinganiso, ukusetshenziswa kuka-45 kuya ku-90 kg we-nitrogen, i-phosphorus ne-potassium kusetshenziswa ihekthera ngalinye. Izinguquko zenza inhlabathi yezici. Izinga liye landa lapho izandulela zikhona izinhlanga, futhi lapho zikhula izinhlobo ze-rye ze-tetraploid. Kodwa emva kokusanhlamvu kommbila kuyakudingeka ukwandisa inani le-nitrogen, futhi, ngokuphambene nalokho, ukwehlisa emva kwee-peas, izitshalo ezingapheli zotshani.
Umthamo ogcwele wama-fertilizer, ama-80% we-phosphorus dose isetshenziswa lapho kuhlwanyelwa, i-phosphorus - 20% engama-15% e-phosphorus - lapho ihlwanyela. Ngenye indlela, ufulawa we-phosphate onzima ukubola uhlanganiswe nomquba kanye ne-peat kubhekwa. Emasimini ampofu, kufanelekile ukwakha umanyolo nge nitrogen (30 kg / ha).
Ukondla okweziwe okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, 30-60 kg / ha we-nitrogen kutholakala esigabeni sesithathu se-organogenesis, no-30 kg / ha esigabeni sesine. Emvelweni we-acidic, lapho i-pH ingaphansi kuka-5, izitshalo zasebusika azikho i-lime eyanele (3-5 t / ha), nasemanzini omunyu - i-gypsum (3-5 t / ha).
Kusukela kumanyolo omzimba we rye, umquba ubalulekile, izingxube zomquba we-peat kanye nomquba, i-phosphate rock ne-lime.
Ehlobo, asikho isidingo sokulima, kepha ukunakekelwa akusho. Manje sekufika isikhathi sokulwa nezinambuzane, izifo kanye nezinyathelo zokuzivikela. Naphezu kokuzinza kwe-rye, ngenxa yezimo ezithile zezulu, kungenzeka ukuthi izitshalo zasebusika zitheleleke nge-scoop. Izibungu zalo ziyafa ngaphansi kwethonya lama-insecticide. Lesi sitshalo sithandwa yi-weevils, okusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu, izimbungulu, izibhamu, nokuhamba ngezinyawo. Zonakalisa iziqu nokusanhlamvu. Hlola njalo insimu bese uyikhipha esimweni sezulu esinokuthula ngamathuluzi akhethekile. Izinambuzane ziyolahleka emhlabathini, uma ukuvuna okwenziwa ngesikhathi sasebusika kanye nobisi futhi kulungiswe kahle inhlabathi. Ukulinganisa kufanele kube okufanelekile.
Ungakhohlwa ukukhipha ukhula oluvuthiwe. Ukuze kuvinjelwe ukufakwa kweziqu, zifakwe nge-Kampazon 50% (3-4 l / ha) noma ingxube kaKamzonzon (1, 5-2 l / ha) kanye ne-TURA (3 l / ha) esigabeni sokubamba iqhaza. Ngendlela, isidakamizwa sokugcina singaxubaniswa ne-herbicides, uma kunesidingo sokwethulwa kwawo.
Uyazi? I-Rye isetshenziselwa ukwenza isitashi, ufulawa, i-malt, utshwala, i-kvass, isinkwa, njengemithi kanye nezinto zokwakha zokuphahla ophahleni. Ine-expectorant, laxative, immunostimulating, izakhiwo zokudla. Umthelela omuhle enhliziyweni nasesimisweni se-vascular, i-feedary tract, ithuthukisa umzimba.
Indlela yokuhlanza kahle i-rye
I-rye ripens lapho okusanhlamvu kugcina kahle e-spikelet futhi kungaphumeleli, noma kunjalo, izinto ezomile ziyeka ukungena. Ukuvuna ubukhulu bezinhlamvu kuqala phakathi kwe-wax ripeness, ukuvimbela ukulahlekelwa kwembewu nokufaka izindlebe. Le nqubo yenziwa kuqala ngokusebenzisa ama-rollers anobuningi obungama-20 cm, u-15 cm - obuningi bomswakama emoyeni no-25 cm - nesomiso. Kulesi simo, ihlanganisi ayishintshi izikhombisi-ndlela, izindlebe zokusanhlamvu zondliwa ekhanda. I-rye rye ngokuvuna ivuthisa ngokushesha kunokolweni izinsuku ezingu-7 kuya kwezingu-8. 
Ukudla okusanhlamvu kuqala kuhlanzwa, kuhlungwa, bese kuyomiswa nokugcinwa.
Ukubheka insimu engadini bese kuhlwanyela umhlabathi ekujuleni kwe-20 cm. Esikhathini esizayo, ukusetshenziselwa ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokubili kokubili kanye nokulima isikhathi esithathu ngeke kuphazamise. Izinyathelo ezithathwe ziyoxwayisa amasiko asasa kusuka ezigandwini kanye nefungi.
