Amaminerali amaminerali ihluke ekuxhumeni okuphezulu kwezakhi. Ukwakhiwa kwamaminerali amaminerali kungase kuhluke, futhi kuye ngokuthi izakhi zomzimba ezifunayo zihlukaniswe zibe yinkimbinkimbi futhi elula.
Kubalulekile! Izitshalo kufanele zisetshenziswe ngamanani amancane, kuyilapho zigcina izakhi zomhlabathi emhlabathini. Kulesi simo, ngeke kube khona umonakalo emakhemikhali abo.
Namuhla, imboni yamakhemikhali ikhiqiza umquba wamaminerali wezinhlobo ezilandelayo:
- amanzi,
- eyomile
- unilateral,
- eziyinkimbinkimbi
Uma ukhetha isidakamizwa esifanele futhi unamathele ezilinganisweni ezifanele, awukwazi kuphela ukondla izitshalo, kodwa futhi uxazulule izinkinga ezihlangene nentuthuko yazo.
Amaminerali amaminerali
Abalimi abaningi nabalimi bayazi ukuthi iziphi umquba wamaminerali. Lezi zihlanganisa izinhlanganisela zendalo, equkethe zonke izakhi ezidingekayo ezitshalweni. Izithako ezinjalo kanye namanyolo kuzosiza ekufezeni ukuzala kwenhlabathi futhi kukhule isivuno esihle. Umquba wamaminerali wamanzi, asetshenziselwa ukutshala izitshalo ezincane nezitshalo, athandwa namuhla. Kukhona futhi umanyolo ophelele wamaminerali, ohlanganisa izakhi ezintathu ezibalulekile zezitshalo - yi-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, i-potassium. Kodwa kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamaminerali okugaya amaminerali kudinga indlela yokucophelela, nakuba ngabe udaba lwezinto eziphilayo (ngokulinganisa okungalungile komthamo wesicelo), kungenzeka ukuthi kubangele umonakalo omkhulu emhlabeni kanye nezitshalo. Ngakho-ke, ake sihlolisise izici zamaminerali omanyolo, izinhlobo zazo kanye nezici, futhi uthole ukuthi ungayisebenzisa kanjani ngendlela efanele.
Izinhlobo zamaminerali amaminerali
Njengoba sesibonile kakade, umquba wamaminerali uhlukaniswe ngokuthi: i-nitrogen, i-potash ne-phosphate. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lezi zakhi ezintathu zihola emkhakheni wokudla futhi zithinte ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo. I-nitrogen, i-phosphorus kanye ne-potassium yizona zisekelo, yilokho okufakwe emanyolo wamaminerali. Kubhekwe njengesizathu sokuthuthukiswa okuhambisanayo kwezwe, kanti ukuntuleka kwabo kungabangela ukukhula okuncane kuphela kodwa nokufa kwezitshalo.
I-nitrogen
Entwasahlobo, kungase kube khona ukuntuleka kwe-nitrogen enhlabathini. Lokhu kubonakala ukuthi izitshalo zihamba kancane noma ziyeke ukukhula nhlobo. Le nkinga ingabonwa ngamahlamvu aphuzi, amaqabunga amancane namahlumela abuthakathaka. Utamatisi, amazambane, ama-strawberries nama-apula asabela ngokujulile ngokuntuleka kwe-nitrogen enhlabathini. I-nitrogen fertilizer ethandwa kakhulu yi-nitrate ne-urea. Leli qembu lihlanganisa: i-calcium sulfur, i-ammonium sulphate, i-nitrate ye-sodium, i-azofok, i-ammophos, i-nitroammophoska ne-diammonium phosphate. Zinemiphumela ehlukene emasiko nasenhlabathini. I-urrea yenza i-nitrate, i-nitrate - umphumela omuhle ekukhuleni kwezinyosi, i-ammonia - ekukhuleni kwamakhukhamba, anyanisi, ulethisi nekholifulawa.
Uyazi? Uma usebenzisa i-ammonium nitrate kumele uqaphele ukuqhuma kwayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, akuthengiswa kubantu ngabanye ukuvimbela izingozi.
Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi umquba we-nitrogen yiyona eyingozi kakhulu kuwo wonke ama-fertilizer amaminerali. Uma zigcwele, izitshalo ziqoqa izicubu zazo ngokweqile kakhulu kwe-nitrate. Kodwa uma usebenzisa i-nitrogen fertilizer ngokucophelela, ngokuya kokubunjwa kwenhlabathi, isitshalo esidliwe kanye nohlobo lomanyolo, ungakwazi ukufeza kalula isivuno esiphezulu. Futhi, akufanele wenze lezi zifaka umquba ekwindla, ngoba izimvula zigeza nje ngaphambi kokutshala kwentwasahlobo. Izinga lomanyolo (urea): imifino -5-12 g / m² (kanye nokusebenza ngokuqondile kwamanyolo wamaminerali), izihlahla nezitshalo -10-20 g / m², utamatisi kanye ne-beet -20 g / m².
I-Phosphoric
I-Phosphate fertilizer iyinhlangano yesitshalo se-mineral equkethe ama-anhydride angu-20% we-phosphoric ekubunjweni kwayo. I-Superphosphate ibhekwa njengamanye ama-fertilizer amahle kakhulu kuwo wonke izinhlobo zenhlabathi ezidinga lesi sici. Kumele kwenziwe njengendlela yokugqoka ephezulu ekuthuthukiseni nasekukhuleni kwezitshalo ezinomsoco ophezulu emhlabathini.
Uyazi? Ngokuvamile abalimi nabalimi basebenzisa i-superphosphate kabili lapho izinto eziwusizo ziphakeme kakhulu. Ayinayo i-CaSO4 engenamsebenzi esetshenziselwa i-superphosphate elula futhi isonophile kakhulu.
Olunye uhlobo lomanyolo wamaminerali kulesi sigaba ufulawa we-phosphoric. It isetshenziselwa inhlabathi acidile zonke izithelo, izitshalo kanye okusanhlamvu izitshalo. Ukhula lusiza ekulwa nezilokazane nezifo ngenxa yokukhulelwa kwesitshalo. Amazinga omsebenzi wokufaka umanyolo: superphosphate 0.5 centner ngalinye ngehektare elilodwa, 3.5 centner ngalinye ngehektare elilodwa.
Potash
Sebenzisa ama-fertilizer amaminerali amaminerali ekwindla, ngenkathi umba. Lo umanyolo ufanelwe kahle amazambane, ama-beet nawo wonke okusanhlamvu. I-potassium sulfate noma i-potassium sulphure kufanelekile ekudleni izitshalo ezingenamkhawulo ekotassium. Akuqukethe ukungcola okuhlukahlukene njengeklorini, i-sodium ne-magnesium. Efanelekayo izitshalo ze-melon, ikakhulukazi ngenkathi kwenziwa isithelo.
I-potassium usawoti iqukethe izakhi ezimbili ze-chloride -KCl + NaCl. Into isetshenziselwa izinkampani eziningi ze-agro-industrial. Yenziwa entwasahlobo cishe cishe zonke izinhlobo zezitshalo zeberry ezingama-20 g ngaphansi kwesihlahla. Ekwindla, umanyolo usakazeka ngaphambi kokulima 150-200 g / m². Izinga lomanyolo: i-potassium chloride 20-25 g ngehora ngalinye elilodwa; potassium sulfate -25-30 g / m²
Inkimbinkimbi
Umquba oqinile unomsoco oqukethe izakhi zamakhemikhali ezidingekayo ngesikhathi esisodwa. Zitholakala ngenqubo yokusebenzisana kwamakhemikhali ezakhiweni zokuqala, ngenxa yokuthi zingaba kabili (nitrogen-potassium, nitrogen-phosphate, nitrogen-potassium) kanye ne-ternary (nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium). Ngokusho komkhiqizo wokukhiqiza, bahlukaniswa: ama-fertilizer anamanzi, azinzima-axutshwe noma ahlangene futhi ahlanganiswe.
- U-Ammophos umanyolo we-phosphorus-nitrogen equkethe i-nitrogen ne-phosphorus (isilinganiso esingu-12:52). Lo umanyolo wamaminerali uthandwa kalula yizitshalo, ezifanele amazambane nazo zonke izitshalo zemifino.
- I-Diammof-phosphorus-nitrogen fertilizer equkethe i-nitrogen engu-20% no-51% wefilosofi. Ixubene kahle emanzini futhi ayiqukethe izinto ezingaphezu kwe-ballast.
- I-Azofoska iyi-fertilizer ephumelelayo equkethe nitrogen, i-phosphorus ne-potassium. Inikeza izithelo eziphezulu, ezingekho ezinobuthi futhi zingagcinwa isikhathi eside.
- Umanyolo we-nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium iyimanyolo eyinkimbinkimbi emanzini. It isetshenziselwa zonke izitshalo, ngoba izakhi zayo kalula absorption izitshalo. Kufaneleka njengomanyolo oyinkimbinkimbi lapho ugoba entwasahlobo.
Ama-complex amaningi ase-agro asebenzisa umanyolo obumanyolo obunzima ukuze afinyelele umphumela omuhle kakhulu.
Okuxubile kunzima
Umquba omuncu uhlanganisa ama-compounds afana ne-nitrophobia ne-nitrophobia. Zitholakala ngokucubungula i-phosphorite noma i-iapatite. Ngokwengeza izingxenye ezahlukene ezifisayo, i-carbonate nitrophosphate ne-phosphoric nitrophosphate zakhiwa. Ziyasetshenziswa njengomanyolo oyinhloko ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela, emigqeni nasemigodini lapho kuhlwanyela, ngokuvamile kusetshenziselwa ukugqoka okuphezulu. I-Caramommophos-fertilizer equkethe i-nitrogen emafomu amide ne-ammonia. I-Kristalin ne-solvent isetshenziselwa indawo evikelwe. Lokhu umanyolo we-crystalline granular, owoxube kahle emanzini. Isilinganiso esivamile kakhulu somanyolo ngu-N: P: K - 20:16:10. Izakhiwo ezixubile ezixubile ziyasetshenziswa ezinkampanini ezinkulu zokulima lapho izindawo ezinkulu kudingeka zihlanganiswe ngaphambi kokutshala izitshalo.
Microfertilizers
Ama-Microfertilizers afaka umquba kanye nama-complexes aqukethe izakhi zokulandelela ngendlela efinyeleleka ezitshalweni. Ngokuvamile lezi zinto zitholakala ngesimo: umanyolo wamaminerali wamanzi, ama-crystals, i-powder. Ukusetshenziswa okulula, ama-micronutrient fertilizer akhiqizwa ngesimo sezinkimbinkimbi ezinama microelements ahlukahlukene. Unomphumela omuhle esitshalweni esitshalwe, ukuvikela izilokazane nezifo, nokwandisa isivuno.
Imifuno ethandwa kakhulu yilezi:
- "Master" isetshenziselwa umanyolo wamaminerali ngezimbali. Iqukethe: Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe.
- "Sizam" kufanelekile ukutshala iklabishi. Ngokuphawulekayo kwandisa izitshalo futhi kuvikela izilokazane.
- "I-Oracle" yokudla ama-berry ezihlabayo, izimbali nezitshalo. Iqukethe i-etidronovuyu acid, elawula ukuhamba kwamanzi amangqamuzana esitshalo.
Ngokuvamile, umquba wamaminerali asetshenziselwa ngokwehlukana, okuvumela ukubala ngokulingana. Kulesi simo, izitshalo zizothola ukudla okudingekayo, ngaphandle kwamakhemikhali engeziwe.
Isicelo sama-fertilizer amaminerali, amathiphu jikelele
Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi ama-fertilizer amaminerali asetshenziswa ezimweni ezimbili eziyinhloko: njengomanyolo oyinhloko (wokumba umhlabathi) kanye nokugqoka ephezulu ehlobo. Okukhethwa kukho ngakunye kunama-nuances ayo, kepha kunezimiso eziyisisekelo ezingenakuphulwa.
Imithetho yokuphepha:
- Ungasebenzisi izitsha zokupheka ukuze unciphise umquba;
- izitshalo ezigciniwe, okungcono kunawo wonke, emaphaketheni ahlambulukile;
- ngokushesha ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa, emva kokugcina isikhathi eside, isimo singase sikhuphuke lapho umanyolo uhlanganiswa khona, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukudlulisa ngesihlungo sobubanzi buka 3-5 mm;
- lapho ufaka umhlabathi ngesitshalo esithile, kuyadingeka uzijwayeze ngezidingo kanye nezincomo zomkhiqizi, ngoba ukudlula umthamo wamaminerali omquba enhlabathini kungaholela emiphumeleni eyingozi;
- Kungcono ukusebenzisa indlela yokucwaninga kwelabhutri yenhlabathi ngesisekelo semiphumela okuyokwazi ukusebenzisa ngayo umanyolo ofanelekayo emalini edingekayo;
- kufanele kuthathwe ukunakekelwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukufaka umquba wamaminerali okwenziwe ngamaminerali, okhiqizwa emhlabathini, akushayi indima eluhlaza;
- ukukhiqiza inhlabathi engcono kungatholakala ngokushintsha umquba wamaminerali;
- uma umanyolo wamaminerali usetshenziselwa umquba ophilayo, umthamo wokuqala kufanele unciphise;
- Okubaluleke kunawo wonke yizifaka umquba we-granulated, okufaka isandla ekwindla ekwindla.
Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kahle kwama-fertilizer kanye nokuhambisana nezinqubo zokuphepha kuzosiza ukugcwalisa inhlabathi ngezici ezilandelanayo ezizosiza ekwandeni nasekuthuthukiseni izitshalo ezijwayelekile.
Izinzuzo kanye nokulimaza ekusetshenzisweni kwamaminerali omanyolo engadini
Amaminerali amaminerali asiza ukugcwalisa inhlabathi ngezakhi ezibalulekile futhi ukwandise isivuno semifino yemifino noma ingadi. Zonke izithako ezenziwe ngamaminerali amaminerali kusiza ukugcina izitshalo ngesikhathi sokukhula kanye ne-fruiting. Kodwa nokho, ungakhohlwa ngezingozi zamanyolo wamaminerali, ngokuqondile mayelana nokusetshenziswa okungalungile nokudlula umthamo.
Kubalulekile! Uma ungahambisani nezindinganiso zokugcina kanye nezinconywa ekusetshenzisweni kwamaminerali omanyolo, i-nitrate ingakwazi ukuqoqa hhayi kuphela enhlabathini kodwa nezitshalo. Lokhu kungaholela ekutheni ubuthi obubi uma udla izithelo.
Namuhla, iningi lama-agro-complexes zisebenzisa ama-fertilizer amaminerali ngokuhlanganiswa ne-organic. Lokhu kukuvumela ukunciphisa ukuqoqwa kwe-nitrate nokunciphisa umphumela omubi. Ukubamba iqhaza, ngingathanda ukuphawula ukuthi noma ngabe lawa mafutha amaminerali, nawo wonke ama-pluses nama-minus, ukusetshenziswa kwabo kusiza ukwandisa isivuno sezitshalo ezikhulile. Ngakho-ke, vele uqaphele ukusetshenziswa okulungile kweziqephu futhi ungawahlukumezi ngezinhloso ze-mercenary.
