UFern - enye yamaqembu endala kunazo zonke izitshalo ezimilayo, ezavela isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo zezimbali emhlabeni. Lezi zitshalo zinesakhiwo esiyingqayizivele, esingeyona into efana nokuhlelwa kwezimbali.
Ngokuphambene nombono ongalungile, ama-fern ayikaze aqhakaze. Endle, banda ngokusebenzisa izinhlamvu ezitholakala engxenyeni engezansi yamaqabunga ngesimo samaqoqo athile (i-sorus), egcwele amafilimu. Ama-spores awela emhlabathini futhi ipulazi encane leqabunga likhula kubo, elikhiqiza ama-germ cells. 
Amafernu angenawo amaqabunga eqiniso (ngokungafani namaqabunga ezimbali), kodwa esikhundleni salokho ahlukaniswe ngamapuleti asemacembe ashisayo noma, njengoba abizwa ngokufanele, ama-frond. Phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo ze-fern kukhona izinhlobo eziningi zokuhlobisa, ezisetshenziselwa kakhulu ukuklama komhlaba.
Ngenxa yokubukeka okungajwayelekile, okungajwayelekile, ama-fern angaba umhlobiso wangempela wensimu futhi anikeze noma iyiphi isayithi ubuhle bokubukeka nokubukeka kancane okungaqondakali. Babukeka behle kakhulu ekuhlungeni iqembu, kanye nama-tapeworms angashadile. Amafreyimane abo ahlanganiswa kahle nezitshalo eziningi ezihlobisa futhi ezihlobisa, okwakhiwa ngemuva kokumangalisayo.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, zonke izinhlobo ze-fern zinomuntu siqu ohlukile futhi zimelela kahle ngokumelene nesizinda sezinye izimila zensimu. Phakathi kwama-ferns kukhona izitshalo zensimu enegama elihlukile, elihlukile ngobukhulu nombala. 
Zingaba izimantombazane ezinkulu, nezincane, i-lace, izitshalo ezinomusa. Wonke ama-fern anenzuzo eyodwa enkulu - ikhono lokukhula nokuthuthukisa ezindaweni ezinomthunzi nezimanzi.
Uyazi? Amakhulu ezinkulungwane zeminyaka edlule, ema-Paleozoic naseMesozoic eras, ama-fern amaningi amaningi ayeyizihlahla ezinkulu. Kwakuyizinkuni ezicindezelweyo kamuva ezaba yisisekelo sokwakhiwa kwamalahle.Ngezansi kukhona izibonelo zezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo zama-ferns, ngayinye yazo enegama layo, ngencazelo yezinhlobo nezithombe.
Impaphe yezinsikazi
"Ipulazi lezinkukhu", "insimu yezinkukhu", "i-velamkuch", "i-black fern", "intshe yaseJalimane" - Lawa onke amagama ommeleli ofanayo wezilwane ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu. Lesi isitshalo esihle kakhulu, sifinyelela ukuphakama kwe-100-135 cm, nge-rhizome emfushane neqinile. 
Intshe inezinhlobo ezimbili zamaqabunga: oyinyumba (inqwaba, imifantu, ibe ngamasentimitha angu-150 ubude, okwenza umsila), futhi ifana ne-spore (kunezinhlamvu ezincane ezingu-2-3, ezingavamile ngaphakathi komngcele). Le fern ikhetha inhlabathi evundile, i-hydrated kahle, kodwa ngaphandle kwamanzi aphelile. Esimweni sokungazithobeki, ukuzinza, kodwa ezimweni zokuqina kwe-shading kungafa ngenxa yokuntuleka kokukhanyisa.
With ukuchelela eziningi zikhula ngokushesha kakhulu. Izinambuzane zezinambuzane nezifo aziveli. Iveza ngokwemvelo - izingxabano, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezimpande nezimpande komhlaba. Lezi zinhlobo ze-ferns zanikezwa leli gama ngenxa yokufaniswa kwamagqabhagqabha okuthela ama-spore ngezinsiba zezintshe. Kubantu futhi uyaziwa ngokuthi "lichen lihlathi", "papurushina", "chamomile evamile". 
Izimpaphe zezinkuni zingenye yezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zesimo se-design landscape. Zitshalwe ikakhulukazi emthunzini obala, eduze namachibi okufakelwa, kuma-slides alpine, ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo noma ezimbizeni ezijwayelekile zokukhula kwangaphakathi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyindlela enhle kakhulu yokuxuba ama-mixborders, futhi phakathi kwama-ferns anjalo kuhle ukutshala izitshalo zezimbali zakuqala, isibonelo, iziqhwa ze-snowdrops noma ama-crocuses, ama-tulips, ama-daffodils, ama-hyacinths, njll. Njengoba lezi zimbali ziqhakaza kusukela ngo-Ephreli kuya kuJuni, futhi emva kokuzimbali zilahlekelwa ukubukeka kwazo, i-fern evulekile izobafihla bese ilungisa isithombe sonke.
Kodwa-ke, akuzona izindawo zokuhlobisa kuphela ezitholakala ku-ostrichnik, ngoba kuyisitshalo esidliwayo. Entwasahlobo, intsha, engakaze ikhule, ayikho ngaphezu kuka-10-20 cm, ukudla okusemathinini noma iqhwa ngama-briquettes (Yebo, ama-fern ethu awavame ukusetshenziselwa ukudla emazweni asenyakatho nasempumalanga nasempumalanga).
Futhi lolu hlobo lwe-fern luphumelele. esetshenziselwa imithi yabantu njenge-anticonvulsant, sedative, astringent kanye ne-antispasmodic. 
Utshani obusendle
I-spiky yokhula yasendle, igama lesayensi "blekhnum spiky", - ummeleli ongavamile kakhulu wama-fern nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu uvikelwe ngumthetho. Igama lesitshalo livela egameni elithi "izilo zasendle", okusho isigodi esingenalutho, isiphepho nesigcwele.
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ama-debris akhule kakhulu emahlathini ama-shady aminyene, futhi abizwa ngokuthi i-spikey ngezinhlaka ze-spiky, ezilingana, ezinamapayipi ezihamba ngqo ukusuka ku-rhizome. Ukuba sikhulu, isitshalo esifana nesundu, i-dobryanka inezinhlamvu zamitha.
Isiqu - i-rhizome eguquliwe, engafinyelela ukuphakama okungaba ngu-50 cm (ezitshalweni zakudala), futhi ihlanganiswe nezikali ezibomvu. I-Vayi-i-pistye, i-linear-lanceolate, ihlukaniswe, kuze kube ngu-50-60 cm ubude.
Endle, lezi zinhlobo zikhula ngesihlahla sase-spruce, i-fir, futhi ngezinye izikhathi emahlathini ama-coniferous aseCarpathians naseCaucasus, nakwamanye amazwe aseNtshonalanga Yurophu, e-East Asia naseNyakatho Melika. 
Ama-Ferns alezi zilwane ayengenangqondo ekukhuleni, azibekezeleli ukushisa nokudweba. Ngaso sonke isikhathi sidinga umswakama owandayo, nakuba bengathandi ukuphalaza.
Isikebhe samadoda
Owesifazane wesine - ezinye izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-ferns, eyomndeni Kochedizhnikov. It has a lacy and graceful ohlaza amahlamvu eluhlaza, okungafani namaqabunga amaqabunga ama-thyroids abesilisa. Lezi zilwane ezimbili zivame ukukhula eceleni, ngakho-ke, sekuyisikhathi eside ibizwa ngokuthi "owesilisa" nethi "owesifazane." Noma kunjalo, izazi zezinto zezinto eziphilayo zicabangela ukuthi amagama anjalo ayilungile ngama-ferns okuzalisa izinhlamvu.
Isitebhisi sesifazane sikhula emthunzini ongekho emkhakheni nasezindaweni ezinomthunzi ezinomthunzi, emigodini nasezinhlathini ze-peat bogs, ezintabeni nasezintabeni eziphansi. Igama elithi "nomad" libonise uhlobo olutholwe iqiniso lokuthi emathunjini lenza ama-hummocks. Isikebhe sifinyelela ukuphakama kwama-30 kuya ku-100 cm, sinamafolda aphindwe kabili nantathu aqoqwe esikhungweni sokusabalalisa. Ama-spores avela phansi emaqabunga ahlanganiswe ne-fringed bristle. I-rhizome yalezi zinhlobo ilukhuni futhi ifushane. I-fern ingakhula ngokuthula endaweni eyodwa kuze kube yiminyaka engu-10 futhi iyakwazi ukwanda ngokuzihlwanyela.
Ukuzikhethela kwalolu hlobo kusemandleni alo okugcina isimo esisha, njengokungathi ukubukwa okubonakalayo phakathi nonyaka, okusizwa amaqabunga amaqabunga amasha akhula njalo. Isici esinjalo siyasihlukanisa, njengesibonelo, esivela esihlahleni esifanayo esaziwayo, ama-frond awo akhiwa kuphela entwasahlobo. Ngesikhathi sasebusika, amaqabunga amaqabunga ekhanda lamanzi afa. 
Lezi zinhlobo ezinhle ze-ferns kuhle ukukhula engadini futhi zibukeka zikhulu emakhoneni omthunzi wendawo engadini eduze kwe-Host hosts. Eyaziwa ngokukhethekile ngabadwebi be-landscape yizinhlawulo zombala wesiliva nombala obomvu.
Uyazi? Kukhona inkolelo ethandwayo yesikhathi eside mayelana nomadadekazi wesifazane, othi: uma ngobusuku buka-Ivan Kupala ehlezi emaphethweni alolu fern, efihla embhedeni wendwangu yokwenza izinto, khona-ke ungabona ikusasa.
I-Centipede
I-Centipede - izinhlobo ezingavamile zama-ferns ezikhula emithonjeni yamadwala futhi unegama elinye - "impande elimnandi". Isatshalaliswa ehlathini, ehlathini sezintaba, e-subalpine nasezindaweni zentaba-tundra yezingxenyana ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Eyaziwa ngokuthi "i-oak fern", "i-fern yobumba" nethi "utshani bentsha".
Kuyisitshalo esincane esitshaliwe, esinamaqabunga amancane, esikhumba, amaqabunga amaningi amaqabunga, afinyelela ku-20 cm ubude. Amaqabunga ahlale eluhlaza futhi agcina umbala wabo ebusika. I-creeping rhizome, efana ne-arthropod, ehlanganiswe izikali ezibomvu futhi inomdla omuhle ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwe-glycosides. Ngalokhu, lolu hlobo lwe-fern nolwaziwa ngokuthi lumnandi. 
Ama-centipede spores atholakala ngezansi, eduze kwe-vein central emigqeni emibili, abe nombala we-yellow-yellow futhi uvuthwe ekuqaleni kwehlobo. I-centipede izwela kakhulu ekukhanyeni nasekunyathekeni.
Lezi zinhlobo zisetshenziswa kakhulu njengezitshalo ze-ornamental, ikakhulu uma zidala iqoqo lezinkuni ensimini.. Iyalinywa kokubili ezindlini zokugcina izithombo nasezindaweni ezivulekile lapho kuhlela izingoma ze-landscape.
Ama-rhizomes namaqabunga e-millipede anezindawo zokuphulukisa futhi asetshenziswe ngempumelelo ku-homeopathy kanye nemithi yendabuko. Faka isicelo sitshalo njenge-expectorant, emollient, analgesic, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, choleretic, diaphoretic kanye ne-laxative. Le fern ikhiqiza amafutha abalulekile, asetshenziselwa nemithi.
Kubalulekile! Awukwazi ukusebenzisa isitshalo esiluhlaza ngendlela yaso eluhlaza ngezinhloso zokwelapha, ngoba inesihlungu kakhulu.
Umlingi wesilisa
Umlingi wesilisa - I-fern ehamba phambili kakhulu yezingxenyana ezifudumele, ezikhulayo ngokwemvelo emahlathini amathunzi, ekukhuphukeni kwamatshe kanye nasezintabeni. Igama lezinhlobo livela emvelaphi yasendulo yamaRoma, enikezwe ngokuqhathanisa nomunye, uhlobo olunezinhlobo eziningi ezihlangene, ezahlukaniswa yizintambo zalo ezibucayi, ezivulekile, ezikhanyayo eziluhlaza. Leli gama lalibizwa ngokuthi owesifazane, kanti lona lalinamapulethi amaningi amnyama, amnyama. 
I-thyroid yesilisa i-fern enhle futhi engenangqondo, efinyelela ku-30 kuya kwezingu-150 cm. I-rhizome enamandla, iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-pinnate amaqabunga amaqabunga amabili, atholakala kuma-petioles amade, yakha i-rosette e-glass. I-spores itholakala ngaphansi kwe-frond futhi ivikelwe yizinso ezinjengezinso, imishanguzo ye-thyroid. Ngenxa yalesi sici sezinhlobo zezinhlobo zezinhlobo ezibizwa nge-britter.
I-Thyllaria amafolda akhula kancane kancane futhi ngonyaka wonyaka fomu amaqabunga amaqabunga phezulu kwe-rhizome. Ngonyaka wesibili wenkathi ekhulayo, amaqabunga abe yizinhlamvu ezinomumo futhi zigcwele izikali zokuzivikela. Futhi ngomnyaka wesithathu kuphela, amaqabunga amaqabunga omlindi wesilisa aphendukela futhi afeze ukuthuthukiswa kwawo okugcwele. Phakathi nehlobo, bahlakaza izinhlamvu, futhi ukuwa kuphelile. Lezi zinhlobo zikhiqiza, ikakhulu ngokuhlukanisa impande.
I-thyroid yesilisa isetshenziselwa kabanzi njengesitshalo se-ornamental, futhi futhi njengengxenye yokuhlwanyela ama-epiphyte engadini (izimpande ze-fern ziyingxenye ebalulekile ye-substrate ye-epiphytic).
Uyazi? Umlingi wesilisa - Sekuyisikhathi eside isitshalo esithandayo abantu abaningi, okuthiwa yi "Perun fireflower". Wabizwa ngemikhiqizo yemilingo futhi ukholelwa ukuthi le fern ikhula ngobusuku bo-Ivan Kupala. Noma ubani otholile umbala we-fern ngalobo busuku, wavula isipho sokubona kwangaphambili kanye nolwazi lwendawo yonke. Isibhamu, okuthiwa, singenza umuntu angabonakali, anike amandla phezu kwemimoya emibi futhi anikeze inotho eningi nenjabulo.
I-Orlyak
I-Bracken fern - Umbono omuhle kakhulu, owaziwa kakhulu ngabalimi be-amateur. Yakha amahlumela amancane cishe yonke indawo: e-forest-tundra yaseSiberia naseCanada, emahlathini owomile eYurophu nase-Australia. I-bracken ayikhuli endle kuphela ezindaweni ezinomile kakhulu nasezintabeni. 
Igama lalo hlobo lwe-fern livela ekujuleni kwekhasi lamakhasi, ngoba ngesiGreki, igama elithi pteris lisho ukuthi "iphiko", futhi i-Latin aquila lisho "ukhozi". Ama-bracktails anephunga elithile, aqukethe ama-tannins futhi anempahla ephikisayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, izithelo nemikhiqizo ivame ukumbozwa emaqabunga e-eagles ukuze kube nokuphepha okukhulu.
Nokho, izilwane ezifuywayo, i-bracken inobuthi. Umlotha walolu hlobo lwe-fern uqukethe i-potassium eningi, ngakho-ke ekutshalweni kwezilwane ngokuvamile kuvame ukusetshenziswa njengesengezo somquba.
Ngokungafani nentshe, i-bracken iyinhlamba ephansi futhi ifinyelela ukuphakama okungaphezu kwezingu-70 cm. Yithobekile futhi ingakhula endaweni enobumpofu, eyomile. I-Bracken rhizome - ende, enezingqimba, i-branched kakhulu. I-Vayi enzima, ibe ne-plate enkulu enkulu-pinnate. Ngaphansi kwamaqabunga aphansi kukhona ama-nectari anesisindo esimnandi esicenga izintuthwane. Emaphethelweni amashidi epuleti e-eagle ahlanganiswe, ngaleyo ndlela ehlanganisa izinhlamvu ngaphansi kwephepha.
Naphezu kobuhle balolu hlobo lwe-fern akuvamile ukutshala engadini noma ezweni. Ingabe lokho uma isakhiwo siseduze nesimo semvelo, semvelo, sinomuthi omkhulu wezihlahla ze-birch noma i-pin. Khona-ke ama-braces azobukeka emuhle kakhulu.
Ama-Rhizomes alezi zinhlobo ahluke ezindaweni zokwelapha. Emithi yokwelapha, i-bracken isetshenziselwa ukwelapha ukukhwehlela, i-scrofula, ubuhlungu emajoyini kanye ne-prostatitis, kanti kwezinye kuthiwa ivikelwe. 
Emazweni amaningi, njengeChina, Korea, Japan, amazwe athile eNingizimu Afrika, amaqabunga amancane kanye namahlumela asetshenziselwa imifino, njenge-asparagus. Amahlumela abanjwe ngaphambili emanzini anosawoti, ethosiwe, afakwe emasaladi, asetshenziselwa ukugcwalisa, ukusihlwa futhi enze amalungiselelo efomini elisawoti kanye nefriji. I-rhizomes echotshoziwe isetshenziselwa ukupheka isinkwa. Lesi sitshalo sisetshenziselwa njengendlela yokugaya izinambuzane, futhi njengento eyisiqalo yokwenza i-glue.
I-Tsirtomium Forchuna
Lolu hlobo lwe-fern luyakwazi ukuhlobisa noma yikuphi ukungaphakathi. Endle, ikhula emahlathini ase-Ukraine, eRussia, eJapane, eKorea, eChina, nasezinhlathini ezinomanzi zaseNingizimu Afrika. Ngokungafani nabalingani bayo, i-tsirtrium iyakwazi ukubekezelela umthunzi, umoya omile, ukungabi nomswakama. Lezi zinhlobo zine-scaly, izimpande ze-orange ezicishe zingaphansi komhlaba.
Izimpande - ezinkulu, ezikhanyayo, ezimpunga-eziluhlaza, ezigobile, ezinesikhumba, ezikhukhukisiwe, ezikhulayo ngokuqondile emhlabathini, futhi zitholakala ku-petiole ende. Ehlangothini labo elingezansi kukhona izingxabano. Ubude beqabunga leqabunga kanye nesigamu kufinyelela ku-50-60 cm, kanti i-fern ngokwayo ifinyelela ku-35-60 cm ukuphakama. Izitshalo ezincane zikhula kancane, futhi ngaphansi kwezimo zokulima zasendlini, lezi zinhlobo zikhulu kakhulu ngobukhulu. 
I-adiantum ene-stopant
I-adiantum ene-stopant - enye yezinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu zama-ferns, ezinamaqabunga amancane, amnandi, amancane. Ikhula emahlathini amancane eNyakatho Melika naseMpumalanga Asia.
Lesi sitshalo siphezulu, sifinyelela ukuphakama kwama-60 cm futhi sinezicabha zamagqabi ezinamabala, afane ne-fan on petioles amancane, amnyama. Amafreyimu - ukuma okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okwenziwe ngokungahleliwe, okuhlelwe ngokuzungezile. I-Sori ihlezi emaphethelweni wezingcwecwe zamaphepha ezimpaphe nezimpaphe ezifakwe emaphethini wefilimu, elibomvu. Lena yizinhlobo zasebusika eziqinile kakhulu ezingakwazi ukumelana namaqhwa kuze kube ku -35 ° C.
I-adiantum ene-stopant egcina umphumela wayo wokuhlobisa phakathi nenkathi: kusukela ngoMeyi kuya ku-frost yokuqala. Ukhiqizwa ngokuhlukanisa isihlahla, okuyinto enhle eyenziwe ekupheleni kwehlobo. Ikhetha umthunzi, umhlabathi ovuthiwe ovuthiwe wokuhlambalaza kanye nomswakama olinganiselayo. Njengoba i-adiantum iyamangalisa kakhulu, yitshale kangcono emehlweni, ezingxenyeni eziphakathi kwemibhede yemifula e-shady. Kubheka okuhle emasimini nasezigodini.
Lesi sitshalo sinemithi yokwelapha esikuvumela ukuba uyisebenzise ngempumelelo emithini yamaShayina njenge-expectorant. E-United States naseCanada, amaqabunga amaqanda amasha ahlaselwe izifo zesisu, futhi ukufakelwa kwamagqabi amaqabunga asetshenziswa njengendlela evulekile kanye ne-expectorant yezifo ezingapheli zezitho zokuphefumula.
Futhi, ukumnika kwamagatsha kusetshenziselwa izinhlanzi zokuhlanza. ECanada, eJapane naseHawaii, ama-stern asetshenziswa ngokuvamile asetshenziswa njengento yokuqeda imikhiqizo eboshwe. 
Ama-Aspleniums
I-Asplenium noma i-Kostenets - Lona uhlobo olusakazekile lwe-fern engadini, okungafani okukhulu okukhona emaqabeni awo, akufani namagqabi amanye amafern. Ngenxa yalesi sici, i-aspleenia ivame kakhulu ezimweni ezikhulayo zasendlini.
Lezi zinhlobo zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili: njalo kunesivunguvungu futhi sinqabile. Ikhulile yonke indawo, ezinye izitshalo zingatholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo zase-Australia, eMpumalanga Afrika, eNew Zealand naseNdiya.
Ama-Aspleniums ane-rhizome encane, enwabuzelayo futhi enkulu, amaqabunga ahlaza ahlukahlukene ahlangene ne-rosette. Amafreyimu asele eside, anemiphetho ye-wavy, ehlukanisiwe ngokuphindaphindiwe, enxantathu, e-xiphoid. Ubude bamacwecwe amacembe angafinyelela ku-75 cm. Phakathi nendawo ipulazi elihlaza elihlaza elikhanyayo litholakala umbala omnyama obunombala omnyama. Amaqabunga ase-Aslenium ayenesibindi futhi angathandi ukuthinta izandla zabo. Ama-spores atholakala kuzo zonke izinhlobo ze-species - engxenyeni engezansi ye-frond.
Izinhlobo ze-Asplenium zinemibala eminingi (cishe ngo-800), okuyizona ezakhiwa kakhulu njenge-astile, i-Aspenium viviparous, i-South Asia Aslenium, i-Black Asplenium ne-Aspenium Lukaceous. 
Ngokunakekelwa okufanele ngesikhathi esifanele, lezi zinhlobo azizithobeki, kodwa ayithandi ukupuniza, kodwa, njengamanye ama-fern amaningi. Размножается спорами и выводковыми почками.
У жителей Новой Зеландии и островов Индийского океана асплениум используется на важных торжествах и событиях: им украшают дорогу молодоженов, палату роженицы, а также провожают в последний путь. Izakhiwo eziqinisekisiwe nokuphulukisa ze-asplenium, ine-antibacterial, antispasmodic kanye nomphumela wokuvimbela ama-antiviral, futhi isusa isidumbu emzimbeni, isula ukuphefumula.
Kubalulekile! Ngokuvamile zonke izinhlobonhlobo ezingabathandi uma amaqabunga azo ethinteka (amapulethi amaqabunga asitshalo aphuzi ezindaweni zokuthinta). Ngakho-ke, ukuze sikhule ama-ferns amahle, kufanele aphazamiseke ngangokunokwenzeka.
