Ukwehla noma ukufisa okubangelwa yi-pathogen ye-fungal ye-genus Verticillium. Ukutheleleka kwenzeka enhlabathini, nge amahlumela amancane aphikisana nalesi sifo, kanye nezitshalo ezinezimpande ezonakalisiwe.
Izifo zezitshalo nezitshalo zibangelwa izinhlobo ezahlukene zezifo. Ngokuya ngemvelaphi, ihlukaniswe yaba yi-bacterial, fungal and viral.
Esinye sezifo ezivame ukuvunywa yi-fungal zezitshalo yi-verticillary wilting.
Kuyini?
Ingakwazi ukuqhubeka enhlabathini engcolisiwe iminyaka eminingana ngaphandle kokuzibonakalisa yona, kodwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezivusiwe ivuselelwa futhi, kubhubhisa ukuhlwanyela. I-Wilt ingena esitshalweni ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lwempande, ikakhulukazi phambi kwenqwaba yezinwele nezimpande ze-microtraumas. Emva kwalokho, lesi sitshalo saphela ukuthola ukudla okudingekayo kanye nomswakama ovela emhlabathini futhi ufe.
Ukutheleleka kwenzeka kanjani?
I-pathogen yesifo isangena emhlabathini ibe ohlelweni lwempande.
Okuqhubekayo kusakazeka emgodini wempande kanye nezinqubo zokuqeda. Izimila zivame ukwelashwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi:
- umswakama ophezulu;
- izinguquko ngokuzumayo ekushiseni;
- ukungabi nomoya womoya.
Ukutheleleka kwenzeka emhlabathini, umthombo ungahlwanyela ama-debris, imbewu, izithombo, futhi izingxabano zingadluliselwa ngomoya noma ziwele emhlabathini uma ziphuza emthonjeni omuhle wemfanelo.
Yini eyingozi?
Uzoyingozi enkulu engadini yezitshalo nezensimu. Ukungena ngaphakathi kwezimpande, kuqala ukukhula ngokukhulayo, ukugcwalisa izitsha ezinhlobonhlobo futhi esikhathini esizayo ukuvimbela ngokuphelele ukutholakala kwezitshalo kumswakama kanye nezondlo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhishwa izinto ezinobuthi ezinomthelela owonayo.
Lesi sifo sinengozi ngoba akunakwenzeka ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuyibona ngokushesha, ngaphandle kwalokho, ingazibonakalisa ngokwaso emva kokutheleleka kuphela emva konyaka noma amabili.
Yimiphi imikhuba ehlabayo?
Izitshalo eziyinhloko ezithintekile yilesi sifo yizi:
- Izitshalo zokuhlobisa: roses, phloxes, lilacs, chrysanthemums;
- izihlahla zezithelo nezihlahla: okusajingijolo, i-peach, iplamu, cherry, i-currant, kanye nama-strawberry kanye nama-strawberries;
- imifino: isitshalo seqanda, utamatisi, amazambane, ikhukhamba, anyanisi, i-zucchini, pepper.
Ungayithola kanjani?
Lapho kunqotshwa isitshalo esiteji samahlumela amahlumela, ngesikhathi esifanayo bayaphambukaleso yisifo sesifo. Uma lesi sitshalo sesithatheleleke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba lesi sifo siqhubeka, izimpande ziqala ukubola futhi zife.
Ngaphandle, izibonakaliso zokuqala zizobe zomiswa futhi zenzeke amaqabunga esihlahla, okokuqala ziphansi, khona-ke kuzo zonke izibhamu. Izitshalo zinyanyiselwa ekuthinteni, izimbali, njengeziqabunga, izithelo, zifa ngokuphelele, zimnyama, zome futhi ziwa. Ukuze kunqume ngokunembile ukutholakala kwalesi sifo, kubalulekile ukwenza ukudubula kwesibhamu esithintekile. Kuzocacisa ngokucacile ukumnyama kwezicubu - izindawo ezibomvu.
Uma uthola izibonakaliso zezifo, isitshalo esithintekile kufanele sigubhe futhi siguqulwe ngokucophelela, lokhu kuyovimbela ukungcola komhlabathi nezinye izitshalo.
Izimiso ezijwayelekile zokuvikela ezifweni
Ukuphulukisa isitshalo esithintekile ngokuvame ukungenakwenzeka, ikakhulukazi ezimweni eziphambili. I-fungus iyakwazi ukuhlala enhlabathini isikhathi eside, ukulwa nayo kanzima. Nokho, kunezinyathelo ezijwayelekile zokulwa nokuvimbela:
- ukusetshenziswa njalo kwezitshalo zokujikeleza;
- ukususwa ngesikhathi esifanele kwezinsalela zezitshalo nezitshalo ezigulayo;
- Uma i-wilt isolwe, isitshalo kumele sigwetshwe ngokucophelela futhi sishiswe;
- ukhiqiza amanzi okufudumala, okungenani ama-degrees angu-20 futhi ngokwanele;
- ngesikhathi esifanele ukwethula i-phosphorus ne-potassium ngendlela yama-fertilizer;
- ngaphambi kokulima isakhiwo, i-fungicides, i-bleach ifakwa enhlabathini;
- ukuphuza izitshalo ngezixazululo ze-fungicide: isisekelo, izandulela, ama-vitaros, njll;
- ukucubungula ama-plantings usebenzisa isisombululo samalahle, i-chamomile.
Izici zokwelashwa kwamasiko ahlukahlukene
I-Pepper
Kule nkambiso, kunezinhlobo ezintathu zesifo se-wiltus: isitshalo esincane, esibomvu nesiluhlaza. Isibonakaliso sokuqala sokutheleleka yi-leaf infestation ngesikhathi semini. Uma ifomu elincane futhi elibomvu, liqala ukuthunjwa, limbozwe amabala angalingani futhi liqhubeke limile. Uma ifomu elihlaza lifa emaqabunga ngaphandle kokushintsha umbala.
Ngokuvamile, lezi zibonakaliso zivela ngenyanga ngemuva kokuphuma, ngaphambi kokuchichima. Ama-ovae emahlathini abathintekile awakhiwe. Uma lesi sifo sibonakala kamuva, izithelo zakhiwa, kodwa kuzoba nezincane futhi zinyanyeke.
Uhlelo lwempande lubukeka lunempilo, ne-necrosis emnyama esigabeni sesiqu.
Ama-Strawberries
Lesi sifo esibangelwa isikhunta, ngokuvamile sithinta ama-strawberries nama-strawberries. Okokuqala, kukhona ukoma amaqabunga, kusukela ezansi kuya phezulu, naphezu kokunisela okukhulu. Emva amajikijolo abe brown. I-wilt ayikuthinti isivuno, kodwa wonke amajikijolo athathwe ngokubola.
Ngokuvamile ukutheleleka kubonakala ngesikhathi kwenziwa ama-whiskers, ikakhulukazi ezitshalweni ezintsha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezenzeni, kanye nama-petioles, amabala kanye nemivimbo yombala obomvu, ngezinye izikhathi umbala obomvu, ungaba uphawu.
Futhi isibonakaliso salesi sifo ku-strawberries sizoba usayizi omncane kakhulu wesihlahla kanye nokubomvu kwe-petioles yesitshalo. Uhlelo lwempande luyabathinteka kakhulu, lushintsha umbala nesakhiwo, luphendulela abamnyama kulezi zeluleko bese luba lukhululekile, lube ludaka.
Utamatisi
Isibonakaliso sokuqala somonakalo utamatisi ukubonakala kwe-yellowings efana ne-fan emagqabeni, futhi kamuva ama-necrotic spots akha lapho. Esikhathini esizayo, kunamahlumela emini amaqabunga, aphikisayo. Ukomisa kancane nokufa kuyenzeka kusukela phansi. Kwezinye izimo, lesi sitshalo sihlala sihlaza, kanti amaqabunga aphelile futhi awela. Izithelo ezinesifo sifana nezincane, ziphuzi phezulu, zivutha elangeni ngenxa yokungabikho kwamaqabunga.
Uhlelo lwempande lubukeka luphilile ekuqaleni kwesifo. Ngemuva kokuthi amaqabunga neziqu ziqala ukufa, izimpande zibola. Isitshalo esinjalo kufanele sisuswe ngokucophelela emhlabathini ngokuphelele futhi sichithwe. Hlela inhlabathi emgodini ngesisombululo se-sulfate esivundile.
Izinyathelo zokuvimbela
Ukuze kuvikelwe lesi sifo, kubalulekile ukuqala ukujikeleza kwezitshalo. Isitshalo esakhula ensimini, kufanele sitshalwe kabusha lapho kungakafiki eminyakeni engu-3-4.
Uma inhlabathi isulelekile, ukushintshaniswa kwezitshalo kusetshenziselwa ngcono, amasiko ahlukile njalo ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izitshalo ezithinteka kalula yi-wilt zikhishwe kuwo, ziphikisana nayo: rye, ibhali kanye nabanye.
Ukunakekelwa ngokufanele kwezitshalo ezitshalwe kuzophinde kusebenze njengokuvimbela ukuvikela. Kuyadingeka ukuba ukhule izithombo bese ukhula ngesikhathi, futhi ukubhubhisa ukhula, ngaphandle kokushiya izinsalela zabo endaweni. Futhi izinyathelo zokuvimbela ziyoba umsele womhlabathi futhi ukhululeke ngesikhathi. Izimila zinomthelela kakhulu ekutheleleni, kungcono ukhethe izinhlobo ze-hybrid eziphikisana nesibungulu.
Ukuze kucebise inhlabathi ngezindaba eziphilayo futhi ukuthuthukisa i-microflora yayo ngemva kokuvuna, izitshalo eziphakathi zihlwanyelwe. Lezi zihlanganisa i-alfalfa, i-canola, isinaphi, njll.
I-verticillary wilt iyingozi kakhulu ekuvuneni okuzayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphulukisa isitshalo kakade esithathelelekile ngeke kusebenze, kuyodingeka kubhujiswe. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukwazi ngezindlela zokuvimbela lesi sifo futhi ube nomqondo mayelana nezibonakaliso zokuqala ze-wilt. Khona-ke lesi sifo ngeke sikwazi ukusabalalisa phezu kwesayithi futhi inhlabathi ngeke ivuleleke ekutheleleni, okwenza kube nzima ukulwa nayo.
