Inhlabathi ingenye yemithombo enkulu yemvelo. Ukubunjwa kwamaminerali akuyona into efanayo phezu komhlaba wonke futhi kuncike ezintweni eziningi zezinto eziphilayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuvezwe ukuguguleka komhlabathi, umoya, imvula, kanye nokugcwaliswa kwezitshalo nezitshalo ezincane. Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukwazi izindawo zomhlabathi ukuze usebenzise kahle imithombo yayo. Ake sijwayele enye yezinhlobo zenhlabathi - sod-podzolic.
Iyini inhlabathi ye-sod-podzolic
Le mihlabathi ingenye yama-subtypes emhlabathini we-podzolic ovame ukutholakala emahlathini e-coniferous nasenyakatho. Inhlabathi yaseSod-podzolic yiyona enhlabathini evundile kunazozonke ze-podzolic futhi iqukethe u-3-7% we-humus. Zitholakala ezifundeni zasehlathini ze-West Siberia Plain kanye nengxenye eseningizimu ye-East European Plain.
Uyazi? I-Chernozem - ingqimba enhlabathini egcwele kakhulu, ecebile izakhi eziwusizo. Leli zwe elihle kunazo zonke ekukhuleni iningi lezithelo nemifino. Yingakho phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili, abahlaseli baseJalimane bathatha ama-echeloni aphelele enhlabathini emnyama endaweni yase-Ukraine eya eJalimane.ERussia, inhlabathi efanayo ephawulwe cishe engaba ngu-15% yensimu, e-Ukraine ihlala cishe ngo-10%, eBelarus - cishe 50%. Zathuthuka ohlelweni lwe-podzolization kanye ne-turf yemikhakha ehlukene ezindaweni ezinamazinga aphansi angaphansi komhlaba.
Kunezinsizakalo eziningana zenhlabathi enjalo:
- i-sod-pale-podzolic;
- i-sod-podzolic ngenhlobonhlobo emhlophe ye-podzolic;
- i-sod-podzolic ene-horizon ecacisiwe oxhumana nabo;
- i-sod-podzolic enezinyosi.
Uhlobo lomhlabathi lwe-PodzolicZijwayeze ngezinto eziyisisekelo zenhlabathi nokubunjwa kwayo, kanye nezinhlobo zenhlabathi nezici zazo.
Umbono wokubunjwa kwale mihlabathi
Ngokwalokho okushiwo nguWilliam, inqubo ye-podzolic yenziwa ngenkathi ukuxhumana kweqembu elithile le-acids ephilayo kanye nezitshalo ezinomsoco, kanye nokwehla kwesinye sezimbiwa. Imikhiqizo yokuqothulwa okuholela ekugcineni ihlala ngendlela ye-organic-mineral compounds.
Ihlabathi le-Sod-podzolic liwumphumela wokuvela kwe-biocenosis yezimo ezifanelekile zehlathi ekuthuthukiseni izindawo ezithinta amahlathi ezitshalo. Ngale ndlela, inhlabathi ye-podzolic kancane iba yi-sod-podzolic futhi iyabhekwa njengento ehlukile yomhlabathi noma uhlobo lwe-podzolic.
Ochwepheshe banamuhla bachaza ukuvela kwalolu hlobo lwenhlabathi ngokuthi ngesikhathi sokudilizwa kwehlathini ehlathini emahlathini e-taiga anezimila ezincane utshani izinhlobo eziningana zama-acids nama-organic compounds akhiwa. Lezi zinto, kanye namanzi, zihlanza izakhi zamaminerali kusukela ungqimba lomhlabathi, futhi ziya enqabeni engezansi yomhlabathi ukuze zenze umkhathi ongavamile lapho. Kulokhu, i-silika esele ishiywe, ngokuphambene nalokho, iqoqa, ngenxa yokuthi inhlabathi ikhanya kakhulu.
Funda kabanzi mayelana nokutshala kwenhlabathi nokuhlanganisa.
Uhlobo lomhlabathi we-Sod-podzolic Umsebenzi wenqubo kuxhomeke ezintweni eziningana: umhlabathi umswakama, ukwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali, uhlobo lwemila ekhulayo.
Kubalulekile! Ngokuvamile emhlabathini we-sod-podzolic ungaphansi kwamapayipi angama-30% angaphansi kwamanzi, ngakho-ke kulula ukubhukuda. Umphumela uba ukugcina phansi kwenhlabathi nge-oxygen kanye ne-liquid, okubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni izitshalo.
Isakhiwo
Imhlabathi yaseSod-podzolic ibonakala njengomphumela wezinqubo ze-sod nezinqubo ze-podzolic ngaphansi kwezindawo ezihlathini eziluhlaza, kuyilapho zibuka umbuso wezamanzi we-leaching.
Inqubo ye-turf ngokwayo iqukethe ukuqoqwa kwezakhi, ama-humus, izisekelo kanye nokubonakala kwesakhiwo esingamanzi ngaphansi kwesithwathwa semifino. Umphumela walokhu ukubunjwa kwendlalelo ye-humus-accumulative.
Funda ukuthi i-humus ikhiqizwa kanjani nokuthi iyasiza kanjani enhlabathini.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani elikhulu le-humus kule mihlabathi lisho ukuthi abantu abaphansi basemngceleni ophezulu, okungukuthi, banesifo esikhulu kunazo zonke kunezifo ezijwayelekile ze-podzolic. Ngokuvamile, le nhlabathi ihlukaniswe ngokuzala okukhulu kwemvelo futhi ikhona phakathi kwezwe elihle le-taiga-forest. 
Sikukwazisa ukuthi uthole ukuthi kuncike ekutheni uthuthukise kanjani inhlabathi.
Iphrofayela yale nhlabathi inezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko:
- Ingqimba engaphezulu ye-sod ingaba ngu-5 cm.
- Uhlaka lwama-humus lungaba ngu-20 cm.
- Podzol ungqimba.
Ukwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali nokujatshulwa
Umhlabathi we-Sod-podzolic ubonisa ubukhulu obuncane bokungqimba kwe-sod, ingxenye engenhla idlulile kuma-oxydes, ukucebisa okuyingxenye ye-silica nokuhambisana nokukhanya kokukhukhula. Futhi, ngenxa yamakhomishini e-hydrogen angashintshashintshayo, abe acidic noma acidic ngokuqinile (pH kusuka ku 3.3 kuya ku-5.5) futhi adinga ukulinganisa.
Uyazi? I-Quicksand ingenye yezindawo eziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni. Ziwumhlabathi onesihlabathi onomhlabathi, ngaphansi kwawo umthombo omkhulu wamanzi. Ukuhamba ngesihlabathi esivamile, umuntu uyawela bese kancane kancane eqala ukuncelisa. Ngenxa yalokho, isisulu ngeke sihambe ngokuphelele esihlabathini, kodwa ngenxa yokuqina okuqinile kwesihlabathi esimanzi, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuphuma ngaphandle kosizo.
Ukwakhiwa kwamaminerali ngokuqondile kuncike emadwaleni okwenza inhlabathi futhi cishe kufana nezinhlobo ze-podzolic. Ama-cations asetshenzisiwe amelelwe yi-calcium (Ca), i-magnesium (Mg), i-hydrogen (H) ne-aluminium (Al), futhi njengoba i-aluminium ne-hydrogen yakha iningi lezinsizakalo, ingxenyana eyisisekelo emaqenjini aphezulu ngokuvamile ayedluli ku-50%. 
Ukwakhiwa kwenhlabathi ye-sod-podzolic Ukwengeza, inhlabathi ye-sod-podzolic ibonakala ngamaphesenti aphansi e-phosphorus ne-nitrogen. Inani le-humus liyancipha kakhulu ngokujula nangokwezinhlobo ze-loamy yi-3-6%, futhi ezinhlabathini ezinesihlabathi nezesihlabathi yi-1.5-3%.
Uma siqhathanisa nenhlabathi ye-sod-podzolic nenhlabathi ye-podzolic, khona-ke singakwazi ukubona amandla amakhulu amanzi, ngokuvamile isakhiwo esivumelanisiwe kanye nesendlalelo esiphezulu esigcwele ama-humus. Ngakho-ke, ekuphathweni komsebenzi wezolimo, inhlabathi ye-sod-podzolic ibonisa ukuzala okukhulu.
Kubalulekile! Ukwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali enhlabathi kuyahluka kakhulu kuye ngokuthi indawo. Isibonelo, inhlabathi ye-Urals Ephakathi iqukethe i-calcium encane, i-potassium, i-magnesium nensimbi uma kuqhathaniswa nengxenye ephakathi kweRussia.
Indlela yokuthuthukisa ukuzala
Imhlabathi yaseSod-podzolic ayitholi kakhulu, okuyinto enqunywa okuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-humus, ukwakheka okuncane kwamaminerali, i-aeration ephansi kanye ne-asidi ephezulu. Kodwa njengoba beyingxenye enkulu yensimu, inkinga iphakamisa ukwandisa ukuzala kwabo ukuze bathole isivuno esihle.
I-VIDEO: INDLELA YOKUKHETHA AMACIDITY YOMHLABA Ukuze kuthuthukiswe izici zenhlabathi, ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwezimila eziphilayo, kuneminye imisebenzi edingekayo. Okokuqala, i-acidity yenhlabathi kufanele incishiswe ngokulinganisa. Umthamo we-lime ubalwa ngokususelwa ekucaleni kwe-asidi yezwe kanye nohlobo oluhleliwe lwezitshalo zezithelo. Kuyinto enengqondo ukwengeza isixazululo se-lime kanye njalo eminyakeni emine futhi kuphela ngaphansi kwalezo zitshalo ezithinta kahle, isibonelo, ukhukhamba noma iklabishi.
Ngokuqinisekile uzothola kuwusizo ukwazi ukuthi ukubaluleka kwenhlabathi ye-acidity nokuthi kuthinta kanjani izitshalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukunquma i-acidity yedwa, indlela yokucosa inhlabathi.
Emhlabathini onjalo, kuvame ukuntuleka kwe-nitrogen, i-phosphorus ne-potassium, ngakho-ke ama-fertilizer amaminerali akufanele akhohlwe. Futhi uma uhlela ukukhula, isibonelo, isithombo sebhitrudi, khona-ke umhlaba kufanele uhanjiswe ne-boron ne-manganese. 
Ukunciphisa inhlabathi Uma udala uhlaka olungavamile, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ingxenye evundile kuncane kakhulu, futhi, njengoba sejule kakhulu, kungenzeka ukuba ungayifaki ne-podzolic horizon, kodwa ukuyiphakamisa phezulu. Ngakho-ke, kudingeka uhambe kancane futhi ngokucophelela, uhlanganise kahle umhlabathi.
Ufulawa wamaDolomite kanye nomlotha okhuni yizona zensimbi ezixubile kakhulu zenhlabathi.
Ukunakekelwa okunengqondo nokufeza izinyathelo ezidingekayo kuzokwenza ngcono kancane kancane ikhwalithi yenhlabathi, kuncishiswe ungqimba lwe-podzolic bese uletha imiphumela ebonakalayo ekuvuneni okuhle.
