Amapulangwe amane ophahleni ezindizeni ezahlukene ahlinzeka lesi sakhiwo ukuhlonipha, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo esinjalo yisigaba esinzima kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo. Ukuze uphahla lube olulungile futhi lusebenze iminyaka eminingi, kubalulekile ukuthi ubale ngokufanele zonke izakhi ezimele futhi ungaphambuki emagugu atholakale kulo lonke isikhathi sokwakhiwa.
Ukulinganisa
Ukuze wenze uphahla "lungile", kubalulekile ukubala isilinganiso sokulinganisa kwezakhi zokwakhiwa kwayo.
Ngenxa yalezi zinhloso, sebenzisa isitimela se-gauge (ngemuva kwalokhu esibizwa ngokuthi ithuluzi lokukala), lapho zonke izilinganiso zisetshenziswa ukuze kube lula, lokhu kuvumela ukunciphisa inani lezilinganiso nesikhathi sokwenziwa kwazo. Isitimela senziwe ngeplywood, ububanzi buka-5 cm. 
Ukusebenzisa isitimela se-gauge Kukhona namatafula abonisa ukuthi inani lezinhlawulo lide kangakanani. Le ncwadi ibalwa ngamaphesenti phakathi kobude bezinkalo nasemithambekeni, khona-ke isici samandla ophahleni sinqunywa kubo:
- i-axis yesakhiwo ibhalwe ngaphezulu kwe-harness;
- inquma indawo yengxenye yokuqala ye-rafter system, ngoba lokhu kuyadingeka ukubala ubukhulu begege;
- kunqunywe indawo ye-rafter ephakathiNgenxa yalokhu, ukuphela kwethuluzi lokulinganisa kusetshenziswa emgqeni wamakwe, kanti omunye umkhawulo ushiywe emgqeni wodonga;
- inqunywa ubude be-overhang - umkhawulo owodwa wesigxobo ubeka ekhoneni lodonga lwangaphandle, elinye - ekugqeni kwephahla. Ukubala enye ingxenye ye-rafter ephakathi udinga ukuhambisa isitimela kuze kube semkhawulweni wodonga oluhlangothini, amamaki athuluzi azokhombisa indawo yegoli. Lezi zenzo zenziwa zonke izingalo;
- Zonke lezi zenzo zikuvumela ukuthi unqume indawo lapho kuzophela khona imikhawulo ye-ridge ne-intermediate rafter.. Isitimela se-gauge sinquma ukubonakala kwesigxobo esiphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho ngokwetafula, umthamo ofanele ophahleni uzimisele;
- ubude bebhokisi kusukela esitokisini esisekelweni kuya esigodini bukala endaweni yokuzila okuhleliwe.
Okuvame kakhulu ukuphahla kwegable, okuyiqiniso ukuthi kunezintambo ezimbili.
Ukubalwa nokulinganisa kwama-angles:
- ibhola elilinganiselwe - kusuka ekhoneni lodonga. Iphindwe kabili futhi ibanga elikufunayo liyatholakala;
- ubude obudingekayo bomshini we-angular lubalwa kusukela kubhedu olinganiselwe ngaphambili usebenzisa isici sokulungisa.
Ividiyo: izici zesikhahla sohlaka lwe-hip ophahleni
Ukuthuthukiswa kwephrojekthi
Ukuze uqale umsebenzi ekwakheni uphahla kuyadingeka ukuklama, wenze izibalo emklamo futhi wenze umdwebo ngesilinganiso esinciphile. Lapho wenza iphrojekthi yephahla elinjalo, udinga ukucabangela yonke imithwalo ezokwenza kuyo.
Okokuqala qinisa ama-angles ngaphansi kwamapulangwe ophahleni. Kungaba kusuka ku-5 ukuya ku-60 ° futhi lokhu kunqunywa ngesisekelo se:
- izabelo ze-loft;
- amandla omoya, inani leqhwa nemvula;
- kusuka kulokho ophahleni oluzokwenziwa khona.
Ukudweba nokuhlelwa kwephahla ezine emithambekeni Ukwakhiwa endaweni enebusika kakhulu, i-angle slope kufanele ibe okungenani 45 °.Imithetho yokubala yokuklama:
- umdwebo wendawo ophahleni kufanele uhlukaniswe ngobunjwa bejometri obulula futhi zonke izilinganiso kufanele zisetshenziswe - kuzoba lula ukwenza ukubala;
- bala inani ngalinye ngokuphindaphinda indawo yalo nge-cosine ye-angle yokuthambekela;
- ukuphakama kwesigcawu sophahla kubalwa ngumbandela wesonxantathu ofanele;
- ingxenye yesigxobo sezingubo zixhomeke emthwalweni wabo kanye nendawo yokuthambekela kwephahla. Bala ibanga (umgodi) phakathi kwabo, ukuphatha amandla, amandla kanye nezinga lokwehlisa;
- isisindo esiphezulu sophahla sibalwa ngesilinganiso sempahla kanye nendawo yesakhiwo;
- uma imithwalo eyengeziwe imisiwe emigodini, khona-ke inani lokukhokha lizofakwa ekubalweni.
Kubalulekile! Umklamo ofanele wokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo - inqubo enesibopho, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu kulesi sigaba - izibalo ezilungile. Ngakho-ke, ochwepheshe batusa ukuba baphinde bawaphindise kaningi.
Ukulungiswa kwempahla namathuluzi
Imithi emihle kakhulu ekwakheni uphahla kuyoba yi-conifers. Izinkuni kufanele zibe nekhwalithi ephakeme, zingenasici, futhi umswakama awufanele udlule u-22%.
Ukwakha ukwakhiwa okufunayo izinto ezinjalo kuyadingeka:
- mauerlat - ibha yokusekela elibhekene nengcindezi enkulu kufanele ihlangane, ene-cross cross of least 150x150 mm;
- ama-rack kanye ne-sprengeli - ukwesekwa okuqondile;
- ukuthukuthela - xhuma izingxenyana zecala, ungazivumeli ukuba zihlakazeke;
- izingxenyana ezihlangothini, i-diagonal ne-nakosny - amabhodi ka-50x100 mm, endaweni enkulu kangcono kunama-50x200 mm;
- abesifazane bahlala - izingxenye zefreyimu yomthambeko, wehla emgqeni we-diagonal;
- imimoya yemimoya kanye nezinsimbi - amandla amakhulu;
- alale phansi - imigoqo, ibekwe ezindongeni ezisekelayo zangaphakathi;
- i-ridge beam - phezulu ophahleni, kuyisekelo lezinsika;
- amahora - amabhodi ahlanganiswe phansi ezitebhisini enza isisindo sophahla;
- amabhodi amakhekhe.
Ukwakhiwa kwe-hip (uphahla lwe-hip) Izinto zokugqoka: izikopelo zokugcizelela ifreyimu ezindongeni, amapuleti ensimbi okuxhuma izingxenye ezihlukahlukene.Siphinde sikululekele ukuthi ufunde: kanjani ukususa upende kusuka ezindongeni, nokumhlophe kusuka ephahleni, ukufaka iphepha lodonga, ukufaka amanzi endlini yangasese, ukufaka isokhethi kanye nomshini, ukwenza indlela yokwenza i-plasterboard ngensika noma indlela yokugubha izindonga ngekhadibhodi ye-gypsum.
I-timber iphathwa ngezinambuzane ezivikela izinkuni ezivela ezifungeni ezihlukahlukene nezibunjwa. Lezi zinhlanganisela kufanele zibe nokuvikelwa kwesikhathi eside, hhayi ukugeza futhi ukungena ngokujulile ekucubunguleni izinto.
Ithuluzi:
- Izakhiwo zokwakha;
- i-handsaw ne-sawy yombumbulu;
- tape isilinganiso kanye ukujula;
- umshini wokugaya, isikebheridi;
- isisel kanye nesando.
Ipulazi yokuphakama nesembozo esiphezulu
Ezindlini zokhuni, umugqa wokugcina welogi usetshenziswa njenge-mauerlat. Ukulungisa izigqoko ezigodini zinciphisa ama-grooves. Ezakhiweni zezitini, isakhiwo esincane esingaphansi kwemigoqo sihlezi eceleni kwendonga yezingodo zangaphandle ekhoneni lokuqinisa ukhonkolo. Esibhinceni safaka izikhonkwane zensimbi zokugcizelela isigxobo.
Ukumaka okunembile, imithi ngayinye ihlala ezigxotsheni futhi phezu kwayo ishaywa, ngakho-ke, uphawu olunembile lwezinsimbi. Khona-ke isusiwe futhi iminyene.
Izakhi ezilungiselelwe ngabanye ze-mauerlat zifakwa ezindongeni ezigcwele izingqimba eziningana zokuvimbela ukungena kwamanzi - ukuphahlazeka. Izigxobo zihlanganiswe ngamantongomane, ziboshwe ngezikhwama. Amagcekeni emigoqo ahlanganiswe ngamapulangwe ensimbi noma okuyisisekelo.
Ividiyo: Ukubeka uphahla oluqotshiwe Ngemuva kokuzila, izingodo akufanele zihambise ngisho nenye imitha - ukuthembeka kophahleni lonke esikhathini esizayo kuxhomeke kulokhu. Okuyingqayizivele kokubeka i-Mauerlat - imigoqo ehambisana nobude obuningi ihlanganisa inombolo enkulu yokuxhumana. I-Lezhie ngendlela efanayo nokuthi i-mowerlat iqinisa kanjani ukungena kwamanzi kuphela ezindongeni ezingaphakathi eziphethe ngaphakathi.
Uyazi? I-material best for mauerlat yi-larch, ngoba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi izinkuni zayo ziba namandla.
Ukubeka phansi
Imilenze ibamba indima ebalulekile ohlelweni lwephahla. Ukusekela ama-racks nama-struts kufakwe kuwo. Zibekwe eceleni kokuhlukanisa ngaphakathi. Uma zingekho esakhiweni, ama-racks adinga idivayisi yezigxobo eziqinisiwe.
Njengoba kunikezwe umthwalo ophakeme, ibhambeka lenziwe ngamapulangwe angu-100x200 mm. Umbhede olele odongeni ungaba yingxenye ka 100x100 mm. Vumelanisa ukukhanya kwezulu usebenzisa amaphakethe enkuni. Uma ama-brace ahlinzekiwe, awukwazi ukufaka imibhede, ama-rack ezansi azohlanganiswa nokulwa. 
Ukufakwa kwe-Rack
Izisekelo zisekelwe ezigodini ezingenalutho noma eziphansi. Ivezwe eceleni komugqa wokugcoba futhi okwesikhashana unamathele ngamagundane kusuka emabhashini usebenzisa izikrini zokubamba. Esikhathini esizayo, ama-racks ahlanganiswe nezakhi zensimbi. I-top ixhuma ku-bar bar. 
Ukufakwa kwezinsiza kuxhomeke kuhlobo lophahla oluqotshiwe:
- ukwakhiwa kwe-hip izinsizakalo zifakwe ku-2m increment phakathi nendawo yesakhiwo (ngaphansi kwesigodi esizayo);
Isistimu yezintambo ephahleni - ngomklamo wetende, ama-racks afakwe ezindaweni ezilinganayo ukusuka emagumbini e-diagonal.
Isistimu yezintambo ephahleni
Uhlelo lwe-roof emva kwesikhathiUkufakwa kwe-ridge beam
Ngophahla lwezinyosi, i-ridge beam isici esithintayo sonke isakhiwo, ngoba izakhiwo zokugqoka kanye nophahla olulodwa luzohlanganiswa nalo.
Ividiyo: i-montage yephahla lomfula ophahleni Iforamu yokusekela ifakwa ezisekelweni kanye nokusetshenziswa okuphoqelekile kwezinga lokuphambana nelomoya, okuzovumela ukulawula ukufakwa kwezindiza ezimbili.
Kubalulekile! Ukulinganisa ophahleni kuxhomeke ekumakeleni okulungile kwebhaji lomgwaqo, ama-rack for it and diagonal rafters, ngakho-ke ukusabalalisa kwemithwalo yempahla, okuzobe kungabandakanyi ukuchithwa kwesakhiwo.
Ukwakhiwa kohlelo lonke kuxhomeke ekufakweni okulungile kwesigxobo se-ridge. 
Ukuhlelwa kwesigxobo se-ridge ohlelweni lwesigxobo sophahla lwe-hip
Iziqu ze-Trapezoidal
Imigwaqo ye-Trapezoidal yenziwa ngamapulazi aphakathi nendawo. I-rafter ephakathi - amabhodi akha amahlangothi emithambeka futhi eduze kwendawo ebhekene nayo. Izigqoko zangaphandle zigcwalisa indiza yendiza.
Amadlelo wokudla emadlelweni
Izigqoko ezihlangothini zihlelwe ngokusho kohlobo lwe-roof double-slope - zenza ithempulethi ngokusebenzisa ibhodi elibanzi eliyi-15 cm ku-bar bar.
Umgodi ophezulu lapho ibhodi elizobekwa khona kubha yomgwaqo uhlelwe. Ithemplate isetshenziselwa ibhagi futhi ibonisa umgqa ophansi, ukugxila epulini yamandla.
Xhuma wonke ama-angles nezikuluvu. I-rafter spacing ixhomeke ebude bebhande futhi ibanga ukusuka ku-50 cm kuya ku-1.5 m. Ngaphansi kwe-rafter kungenziwa kusetshenziswe ngokusebenzisa ibha yokusekela elinepakethe yokunamathisela emgqeni wamandla, okugcina ubuqotho bomshini.
Sincoma ukuthi sifunde kanjani ukwakha uphahla lwama-mansard nophahla lokugeza.
Ukuqiniswa yi-struts kanye ne-skate skates
Izigxobo zecala zixhaswa yi-struts, enqenqemeni elingaphansi lihlezi phansi, nangenqenqemeni elingenhla ngaphansi kwe-45 ° emanzini e-rafter.
Lezi zibopho zihlelwe esiqongweni se-skate ngamapulangwe, okugqoke ngamapulangwe, ngosizo lwe-hem ngaphandle kwama-bevels.
Imizila engama-triangular
Ama-slopes ase-Hip akhiwa ngokugaya ama-rafters, ngakho-ke uphahla luhambisana ngokuphelele, lufakwe ezindaweni ezibalwe ku-mauerlate.
Amadlelo ama-nakosny (diagonal)
Izigqoko ezitshaliwe - imithi efakiwe e-diagonally, ephumula umkhawulo owodwa ekhoneni le-mauerlat, futhi phezulu ixhuma kwi-skate beam. Umthwalo kulezi zigodi ubukhulu kabili kunalolu cala. Ngakho-ke, ngokukhiqiza kwabo besebenzisa izingodo ezihlanganiswe ngobude obufunayo noma amabhodi amabili.
Ividiyo: Ukuhlanganisa uhlelo lwesigxobo sophahla lwe-hip Izinsimbi zokugqoka zide, ngakho-ke kufanele ziboshwe ngokuphephile ophahleni ngokushesha. Gash ngezansi ukuze unamathisele kwi-mauerlat eyenziwa nge-angi 45 ° ebhodini.
Ngokuba i-rafter eyodwa noma ama-racks ambalwa, kodwa amalunga webhodi elicwecwe kufanele atholakale ku-15 cm kusukela ekusekeleni. Ngaphansi kwe-diagonal rafter, ungakwazi ukufaka i-strut, uma kugcizelelwa yilapho elala embhedeni, khona-ke indlela yokuthambekela kufanele ibe yi-35 -45 ° kuya phezulu. Izesekelo ezengeziwe zifakwe ngokusekelwe ku:
- ubude bufika ku-7.5 m - strut eyodwa;
- ubude bufike ku-9 m - ukwesekwa engxenyeni engezansi noma emgodleni owodwa;
- ubude ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-9 - ukwesekwa okwengeziwe.
Kubalulekile! Uma ukuhlanganiswa akunamandla kakhulu, udinga ukubeka ubhontshisi obengeziwe bokusekela ama-racks.
Ukuphela okuphezulu kuhlanganiswe nebhaji lomgwaqo emgwaqweni wezinsika ezimbili eziphakathi, ngakho-ke i-undercut kule ngxenye yenziwa nge-bevels ezimbili futhi ukulungiswa kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa i-tamper - ibhodi elifushane elingu-5 cm ubukhulu. Ungayilungisa ne-plate yensimbi noma izigubhu.
Ukufaka ummeli
I-Narozhniks - imifudlana emifushane esetshenziselwa ukuqinisa imishayo ye-diagonal. Zenziwe ngezinto eziqinile.
Ezingxenyeni ezinde zokugcina zilungisa ngosizo lokunqunywa noma ngokufakwa kwezingxenye zokusekela, zombili zomcibisholo, 50x50 mm ngobukhulu, futhi konke lokhu kuqiniswa ngezakhi zensimbi. 
I-Naroshniki ifakwe kwi-borrow diagonal nge-offset ukuze kungabikho amalunga endaweni eyodwa. Ukuphela okuphansi kwesibhamu esifushane kufinyelela epulini yamandla. Lezi zici zifakwe ngesinyathelo se-0.6 m, kusukela ekuqaleni kwezingodo ezijwayelekile kakhulu.
Ukuqiniswa yi-sprengel kanye nezinsimbi
Umthwalo omkhulu ophahleni olunemigodi emine uwela ngaphansi kwezinsika zokudonsa, ngakho-ke, ukususa omunye umthwalo kubo, faka ama-sprengels (ukusekela okuqondile). Zifakwa emigoqweni eqinisiwe, njengoba imelela isigxobo se-ridge. Sebenzisa isigaba sebha:
- for imithi - 10x15cm:
- zezinsiza - 10x10 cm;
- for struts - 5x10cm.
Ama-struts asetshenziswe ngaphansi kwemigodi, ephansi ephikisana nendawo engaphansi noma emigodini yokubeka phansi, futhi emaphethelweni angaphezulu kuka-45 ° agxila emgqeni.
I-crate
Ukufakwa kwalo kuhlinzeka ngempahla ephezulu yokubeka impahla. I-crate yenziwe ngemishayo noma amapulangwe, afakwe ezintanjeni ezihambisana nendawo ephahleni lwesiteji nge-0.5 m. I-Plywood isetshenziselwa ukuphawula okulula. 
Ukubeka isikhwama semfucumfucu yomswakama, ukugxilisa, ukungena kwamanzi
Inqubo Yokufaka I-Pie:
- umfutho wesikhumba wokuvinjelwa umfutho kufakwe ezinqoleni;
- i-obreshetka isungulwa;
- i-insulated nge-waterproofing;
- i-counter-lattice ilungisiwe.
Ividiyo: ukufakwa kwesithintelo somswakama, ukusungula nokuvimbela ukungena kwamanzi (isibonelo, ukuphahla kwezintaba)
Ukufaka ama-drippers
I-Kapelnik - ipuleti yensimbi yocingo yamanzi amanzi kusuka ungqimba lwamanzi. I-strap iphakanyiswe emaphethelweni e-overhang ophahleni. Isinyathelo ngesinyathelo sokufakwa:
- lungisa umanyolo wokukhipha amanzi;
- Namathisela amashidi okubhukuda ngezikrini ekugqeni kwendlela;
- tape i-rubber ye-rubber tape;
- susa ifilimu yokuvimbela ukungena emanzini phezulu kwepuleti ukuze umphetho wefilimu udlule eshadini;
- lungisa umkhawulo wokungena kwamanzi ku-tape yerabhagi lapho kuqhutshwa khona, futhi ifilimu ngokwayo kuya emahlathini.
Uyazi? Iphahla elikhulu kunazo zonke lakhiwa e-Emirates. Indawo yayo ingu-230000 m2, ehambisana nenkundla yebhola lezinyawo ezingu-50.
Ukufakwa kwesembozo
Izinto zokugqoka zingaba yikuphi, futhi ukufakwa kwenziwa ngokuvumelana nezincomo zomkhiqizi. Kuzo izinto ezihlukahlukene kunezinsiza ezincane zophahla:
- amathreli enhlaka kanye nophahla - 22°;
- izinto zokwakha, i-angle incike kwinani lezingqimba - izingxenye ezintathu kuze kufike ku-5 °, ngamabili - 15 °;
- ukukhohlisa - 12°;
- tile yensimbi - 14°;
- i-ondulin - 6°;
- shingles - 11°.
Funda kabanzi mayelana nendlela ophahleni uphahla nge ondulin kanye tile metal.
I-Skate mount
Izinto ezisemgqeni zixhomeke ekuphatheni okuphahleni futhi ngesikhathi sokufakwa udinga ukunaka:
- kuya ekuphakameni okulungile kwalesi sici;
- ukuqinisekisa ukuphumula okuhle kwephayi lokuphahla kanye ne-attic.
Imisebenzi ye-ridge - inhlanganisela yokuhlobisa izingxenye zezingqimba ezihlangene ezihlangene kubha. Imininingwane yalo mgwaqo ifakwe ebhincini le-ridge nge-screws.
Ividiyo: ukwakha uphahla lwe-hip Ukwakha uphahla olunezinhlangothi ezine kuyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa uma ufunda ukukhethwa kwezinto zokwakha kahle, yenza ukulinganisa okulungile futhi uthole abasizi, ungenza wonke umsebenzi ngokwakho. Lokhu kuzosindisa kumnikazi ophahleni, umsebenzi wakhe obaluleke kakhulu.
