I-Fir (abies) - isihlahla esihlala sikhona noma isihlahlana esivela emndenini wePine. Ngaphandle, lesi sitshalo sifana kakhulu ne-spruce, futhi ngesakhiwo kanye nesiqondisi sokukhula kwezigaxa - njengomsedari. Iningi labameleli lisatshalaliswa lisuka ezindaweni ezishisayo liye kwi-Arctic Circle yeNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Inani elikhulu kunawo wonke lama firs ligxila entshonalanga yeCanada, e-USA nase-East Asia. Ngokuya ngohlobo lwefir, bathanda ukushisa noma bangakwazi ukumelana nesithwathwa, kepha wonke umuntu unaka isomiso nokuqina kwamanzi. I-Fir isetshenziswa embonini yokwakha izinkuni, ukudonsa komhlaba, kanye nakwezokwelapha zendabuko.
Incazelo yeBotanical
I-Fir yinto engapheli njalo ngesimo somuthi noma isihlahlana. Umqhele waso we-pyramidal ungaba ophaphathekile noma omnyama, omfishane noma ohlakazekile. Ukuphakama, ngokuya ngezimo zezulu nezinhlobo zezulu, kungamamitha ayi-0.5-80. I-rhizome ibaluleke kakhulu, kepha itholakala ngokujulile (ifinyelela kumamitha ayi-2 ukusuka ngaphezulu kwenhlabathi). Iziqu ezincane kanye namagatsha embozwe ngegxolo elibushelelezi elinombala onsundu, okuthi ngokuhamba kweminyaka limbozwe imifantu ejulile mpo. Amagatsha akhula njalo ngonyaka, acishe abe yi-trunk noma abe nomlingiswa okhuphukayo.
Kumabhungane amancanyana amancanyana kanye nama-litry buds atholakala. Izinaliti eziphansi, hhayi ezilukhuni kakhulu zifakwa ngaphansi. Zinemiphetho eqinile nemivimbo emi-2 emhlophe ngezansi. Izinaliti zikhula ngokuqondana ezindizeni ezimbili. Izinaliti zihlala zodwa futhi zipendwe ngombala oluhlaza okomnyama, kwesinye isikhathi isiliva eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ubude bawo bubalelwa ku-5-8 cm.
I-Fir iyisitshalo esinamanyala. Uhlakaza izigaxa zabesilisa nabesifazane. Izimoto zabesilisa zifana namacici futhi zikhula ngamaqembu. Ngenxa yesilinganiso esikhulu sempova, bathola umbala otshani ophuzi noma obomvu. Izigaxa zensikazi zesimo sobucylindrical noma se-ovoid zikhula ngezinduku eziqondile ziqondiswe phezulu. Ubude ngamunye buyi-3-11 cm. Izikali zokumboza zifakwe emgodini. Ekuqaleni, ama-pinkish-violet shades abusa umbala wawo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isikali esilinganayo siphenduka saba nsundu. Kakade ekwindla walo nyaka, imbewu encane enamaphiko ivuthwa ngaphansi kwawo. NgoSepthemba-Okthoba, isigaxa siyaphela ngokuphelele, futhi imbewu igeleza ihlukane. Emagatsheni kusindiswa kuphela izinduku.
Izinhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo zisetshenziswa
Sekukonke, izinhlobo zezitshalo ezingama-50 zibhalisiwe kuhlobo lwefir.
I-fir yaseKorea. Izakhamizi zase-alpine Asia naseNingizimu Korea ziyingxenye yamahlathi axubile. Umuthi lo unomqhele obanzi ngendlela yesigaxa. Ikhula ibe ngamamitha ayi-15 ukuphakama. Amagxolo akhanyayo ampunga abopha umbala obomvu onsomi noma onsomi. Izinaliti ezi-8-10 mm ubude zihlukaniswa indawo enzima nesakhiwo esinjenge-saber. Unombala oluhlaza okotshani. Izigaxa ze-Cylindrical ezinombala we-violet-onsidi zikhula ngo-5 cm ubude. Izinhlobo ezidumile:
- I-Silberlok - umuthi ophansi (ongafika ku-200 cm) obunjiwe obambozwe izinaliti eziluhlaza obumnyama ngemivimbo emhlophe-ngesisekelo;
- Idayimane yisitshalo esimfishane (0.3-0.60 m) enomqhele oluhlaza ogqamile.
I-fir yaseSiberia. Umuthi omfishane onomqhele ovulekile ukhula ngo-30 m ukuphakama. Cishe kusuka emhlabathini ngokwawo, embozwe ngamagatsha amancanyana anamagxolo abushelelezi amnyama agrey. Kancane kancane, imifantu ejulile ivela ku-cortex. Izinhlobonhlobo zinika inani elikhulu le-resin elimnandi elisobala (i-falm balm). Izinaliti eziluhlaza obumnyama ngenhlanganisela ye-wax zihlala ziye kufinyelela eminyakeni engama-7-10. Izimbali zenzeka ngoMeyi, futhi ukuvuthwa kwezithelo kwenzeka ngoSepthemba-Okthoba.
Ibhalsamu fir. Izakhamizi zaseNyakatho Melika zitholakala ogwini lolwandlekazi lwe-Atlantic nolwePacific. Yisihlahla esithambile esinokuphakama okungamasentimitha angama-15-25 ngesigaxa esine-conical. Izinaliti eziyi-15-25 mm ubude zinemaphethelo omfushane kanye nothi omncane ekugcineni. Imisinga ekhanyayo iyabonakala esisekelweni sezinaliti eziluhlaza okotshani obumnyama. Imigwaqo ye-oval violet ikhula ngo-5-10 cm ubude nama-20-25 mm ububanzi. Izinhlobo:
- INana isihlahla esiphansi, esivulekile esingamamitha ayi-0,5 ukuphakama futhi sifinyelela ku-2,5 m ububanzi. Ihluka ngamafuphi (ubude obungu-4-10 mm kuphela) izinaliti eziluhlaza ezimnyama;
- IPiccolo isihlahla esiyindilinga esifinyelela ku-40 cm ubukhulu esinamagatsha anaminyene, ahlukaniswe ngokushelelayo anama-sindano aluhlaza.
ICaucasian Fir (Nordman). Izihlahla ezingaba ngu-60 m ukuphakama zitholakala ngasogwini loLwandle Olumnyama eCaucasus naseTurkey. Banomqhele omncane ngokuma kwesigaxa. Ngenxa yobukhulu obuphakeme, cishe awudlulisi ukukhanya. Izinso azinayo i-tar. Izinaliti eziluhlaza obumnyama zikhula ngo-1 cm cm. Ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, kuvela izigaxa eziluhlaza, ezijika kancane zibe nsundu. Ubude bezigaxa buyi-12-20 cm.
I-Fir Phraser. Umuthi ukhula ezintabeni eningizimu mpumalanga ye-USA. Inomqhele o-conical noma wekholomu futhi ifinyelela ku-12-25 m ukuphakama. Amagxolo amahlumela amasha grey bushelelezi, kanti amadala - abomvu ansundu. Izinaliti ezimfishane (kufika ku-20 mm) zinombala oluhlaza okotshani. Izimbambo zabesifazane ezi-Oblong ezingamamitha ayi-3.5-6 cm uma zivele zinenwele eluhlaza, kepha ziphenduke nsundu. Izinhlobonhlobo zidume ngokumelana nokuqina kwawo frost.
I-Monochrome fir (ukhonkolo). Umuthi ofinyelela ku-60 m ukuphakama kanye nobubanzi be-190 cm uhlala ezifundeni zezintaba zasentshonalanga ye-United States. Kusetshenziswa ngenkuthalo embonini yokwenza izinkuni. Isitshalo sinamagxolo abushelelezi grey kanti amagatsha aphethe isiqu. Izinaliti eziluhlaza okotshani obomvu ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma omhlophe zibunjiwe zenziwe ngesilayi. Ubude bawo buyi-1.5-6 cm. NgoMeyi, izigaxa ziyavela. Owesilisa, omncane, oqoqiwe futhi opendewe onsomi noma obomvu. Owesifazane, okusaqanda kukhula ngobude ngamasentimitha angama-7 kuya kwali-12.
I-fir emhlophe (i-European noma ikamu). Umuthi ophakeme ngo-30-65 m uvame eningizimu nasenkabeni yeYurophu. Umqhele we-pyramidal noma oval translucent uqukethe amagatsha agobekile noma aphakanyisiwe, ambozwe ngenaliti oluhlaza okotshani obumnyama ngo-2-3 cm. Izigaxa zezilokazana zabesifazane zikhula ngo-10-16 cm ubude Bashintsha umbala usuka kokuluhlaza ube nsundu.
I-fir emhlophe. Isihlahla esiphakeme ngamamitha angama-30 sinomqhele omfishane, ofana nowokuma okufana nendawo. Amahlumela embozwe ngokhuni olubushelelezi lwesiliva. Izinaliti ezithambile ezififiyelwe kancane zifinyelela ku-1-3 cm ubude. Upendiwe ngotshani omnyama futhi unemivimbo emhlophe qhwa. Izigaxa ze-Cylindrical ziqondiswe ngaphezulu kuya ku-45-55 mm ubude ziphuzi lapho zivele, kepha zibe nsundu.
Izindlela zokuzala
I-Fir isakazwa kusetshenziswa imbewu nokusika. Indlela yembewu ilungele izitshalo zezinhlobo. Ukuqoqwa kwembewu kwenziwa ekuqaleni kwesigaba sokuvuthwa. Lokhu kungenziwa kuze kube yilapho izigaxa sezidukile futhi imbewu ingakaze ihlakaze kumabanga amade. Zomile futhi impahla yembewu iyakhishwa. Kuze kube yintwasahlobo elandelayo, imbewu isele esikhwameni sezicubu. Ukuze zihlukaniswe, izinyanga eziningi isikhwama sifakwa esiqandisini noma esiseleni. Maphakathi nentwasahlobo, batshalwe emhlabathini ovulekile. Ukuze wenze lokhu, lungiselela umbhede. Inhlabathi yegadi ixubene ne-turf nenhlabathi nesihlabathi. Imbewu ingcwatshwa ngo-1.5-2 cm, bese imbozwa ngefilimu. Amahlumela avela emva kwezinsuku ezingama-20-25, ngemuva kwalokho indawo yokukhosela ingasuswa. Ukunisela nokukhulula njalo. Ngesikhathi sonyaka wokuqala, kubalulekile ukususa ukhula ngendlela efanelekile. Ubusika, izithombo zefir zimbozwe ngamagatsha e-spruce. Entwasahlobo zingadluliselwa endaweni ehlala njalo. Ekuqaleni, izitshalo zikhula kancane. Ukukhula konyaka kufinyelela ku-10 cm.
Ifir Varietal ivame ukusakazwa ngokusikwa. Kulokhu, amahlumela wonyaka avela kubantu abasha asetshenziswa. Ubude besibambo kufanele bube yi-5-8 cm. Kubalulekile ukuthi phezulu inso eyodwa, futhi isithende sigcinwe esisekelweni (amagxolo avela esitshalweni sikamama). Ukusika kuvunwa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, kuze kube yilapho kuqala ukugeleza kwe-sap. Kungcono ukwenza lokhu ekuqaleni kosuku esimweni sezulu esinamafu. Emahoreni ayi-6 ngaphambi kokutshala, amahlumela afakwe kusisombululo se-fung fung ukuvikela ukutheleleka ngefungus. Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isithende esithendeni asihlukani nezinkuni. Ukutshala kwenziwa emabhodweni agcwele ingxube yeqabunga nenhlabathi ye-humus nesihlabathi somfula. Izithombo zimbozwe ngefilimu esobala, okungafanele ihlangane phezulu. Ukuze kube nokubanda okungcono, ukufudumeza okuphansi kuhlelwe ukuze izinga lokushisa kwenhlabathi libe ngu-2-3 ° C ngaphezulu kwezinga lokushisa lekamelo. Iziqukathi zibekwa endaweni enokukhanya okukhanyayo nokuhlanekezelwe. Nsuku zonke udinga ukufafaza umswakama bese uthambisa inhlabathi njengoba kudingeka. Kusukela ngoMeyi bavulelwa umoya omusha, baphinde bayiswe endlini ebusika. Ubhejane ogcwele ngokugcwele ukhula ngonyaka.
Izici zokubamba nokufakelwa
I-Fir ikhula kahle emthunzini oyingxenye noma endaweni enokhanyayo, evikelekile emoyeni. Akubekezeleli ukungcoliswa komoya ophakeme kanye nokushiswa kwamanzi enhlabathini. Umsebenzi wokufika uhlelelwe ukwenziwa maphakathi nentwasahlobo noma ukuwa ekuqaleni kosuku lwamafu. Umhlaba kumele uvunde ngokusabela okuncane kwe-asidi. I-Fir ikhula kahle ku-loam ekhishwe emanzini.
Ukulungiswa kwesiza kuqala emavikini angama-3-4. Bawumbile futhi bakha umgodi obubanzi obungamasentimitha angama-60 nobunzulu. Ungqimba lwamatshe wedwala, itshe elichotshoziwe noma izingcezwana zezitini ezibomvu zibekwa phansi. Ngemuva kwalokho kuthululelwa indunduma yenhlanganisela ye-humus, ubumba, isihlabathi, i-peat, i-nitrophoska ne-sawdust. Lapho utshala, izimpande zisatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo, zilungisa intamo yezimpande ezingeni lomhlabathi. Isikhala samahhala sigcwaliswa yi-substrate enezakhi. Iyanyathelwa bese kuthiwa isigxobo somgoqo nesigaxa esincane sokunisela.
Ekutshaleni kweqembu phakathi kwezitshalo, kuyadingeka ukuthi kugcinwe ibanga elingamamitha ayi-2,5 kuya ku-5,5.Lobude obufanayo kufanele bugcinwe ngokuhambelana nezakhiwo uthango.
Ngokungafani nezinye i-conifers, i-fir eneminyaka engama-5 ukuya kwengama-10 iyakubekezelela impela ukufakelwa. Ukulungiselela inqubo kuqala ezinyangeni ezi-6 kuya kwezi-12. Kusetshenziswa ifosholo, umbuthano udonswa ebangeni elingamamitha angama-40-50 ukusuka emgqonyeni wokuya kubhavu eli-1. Ngosuku olubekiwe, inqubo iyaphindwa futhi kuqhamuke isigaxa sobumba. Isitshalo sikhishwa ngenqwaba yomhlaba. Kubalulekile ukuzama ukugcina ubuqotho bayo futhi ngokushesha ungene endaweni entsha ukuze i-rhizome ingapheli.
Izimfihlo Zokunakekelwa Kwama-Fir
I-Fir ibhekwa njengesitshalo esingamisi. Ukunakwa okuningi kuzodingeka kukhokhwe izitshalo ezincane. Eminyakeni yokuqala ngemuva kokutshala, kufanele ukhulule njalo ukhula enhlabathini ukuze ungathathwa yi-crust. Kubalulekile ukucija ingaphezulu lesendlalelo samapulangwe ezinkuni, i-sawdust noma i-peat kuze kube ngamasentimitha angama-58. Kuyadingeka ukususa kancane kancane i-mulch esiqwini.
Ukunisela kuyadingeka kuphela ngesomiso isikhathi eside. Izinhlobo zokuhlobisa ezithanda umswakama ziyazidinga. I-Fir ayikuthandi ukuqina kwamanzi ezimpandeni, ngakho-ke ukuchelela kwenziwa ngezingxenye ezincane ukuze umswakama ube nesikhathi sokungena emhlabathini.
Iminyaka engama-2-3 ngemuva kokutshala, izitshalo zondliwa okokuqala. Entwasahlobo, umanyolo wamaminerali (Kemira Universal) usakazeke emjikelezweni wesigaxa.
Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ukugawulwa kwenziwa. Ngokuvamile, amahlumela owomile asuswa, kepha umqhele ungabunjiwe. Awukwazi ukususa ngaphezu kwe-30% yobude bokudubula.
Izitshalo zabantu abadala zibekezelela kalula noma iqhwa elinzima futhi azidingi indawo yokukhosela. Abantu abasha kufanele bavikelwe ngokungeziwe ngokuhlanganisa inhlabathi nge-peat kanye namahlamvu owomile afinyelele ku-10 cm cm. Ngeke kube yinto enhle kakhulu ukumboza isisekelo sesiqu noma isihlahla sonke esifushane esinamagatsha e-spruce.
Izifo zezitshalo azivame ukuphazamisa i-fir. Kwesinye isikhathi udinga ukubona ukupenda kwezinaliti nezinsika zokugqwala kugxolo (ukugqwala). Amahlumela owonakalisiwe asuswa ngokuphelele futhi aphathwe nge-fungicide (i-Bordeaux fluid).
Isinambuzane esiyinhloko sesitshalo ama-fir hermes (izinambuzane ezincane, izinhlobo ze-aphid). Uma kutholakele, isibulala zinambuzane kufanele silashwe. Imvamisa, abalimi basebenza ngokufafaza okuqala ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ngesikhathi sokuvuka kwezinambuzane.
