Abantu abaningi basedolobheni bazama ukuya ezindlini zasehlobo ehlobo ukuze baphumule, baphefumule umoya omusha, futhi ngasikhathi sinye basebenze emhlabathini. Ngaphezu kwendlu yengadiya ekotishi lasehlobo, kuyinto efiselekayo ukuthi ube negalaji, elingahlali nje kuphela imoto, kodwa futhi namathuluzi ahlukahlukene engadi, imishini namathuluzi amandla. Izakhamizi eziningi zasehlobo zisebenzisa leli gumbi njengendawo yokusebenzela, zibeka imishini namanye amadivayisi eduze kwezindonga. Njengoba isisho sihamba, kuzoba negalaji, futhi umnikazi oshisekayo uyohlala elitholela isicelo. Kungenzeka ukuthi wakhe egalaji ekotini ngezandla zakho ngezinto ezahlukene: ukhuni, isitini, amabhlokhi amagwebu, izigaxa zezinqe nokunye. Ngomsebenzi wokuzimela ozimele, kungenzeka ukunciphisa izindleko zokwakha, ukonga ngokufanele ngokukhokhela izinsizakalo zethimba lokwakha. Umuntu onolwazi oluncane ekwakheni, futhi abe nesikhathi samahhala, angabhekana nalomsebenzi. Inqubo izoshesha kakhulu uma ucela usizo kubangani abaningana.
Ukukhetha kwezinto zokwakha ekwakhiweni kwegaraji
Igalaji lingaba ngokhuni, insimbi noma itshe. Amagalaji ezinsimbi aqoqana ngokushesha kusuka kwikhithi eqediwe, noma izodinga usizo lomuntu ohambisa amakhono. Izakhiwo ezinjalo zidinga ukufakelwa okungeziwe uma kuhlelwa ukuthi zisetshenziswe ebusika. Okugcwele kakhulu amagalaji enziwe ngezinto ezenziwe ngamatshe:
- izitini;
- amabhlogo we-sillic block (amabhlogo wegesi);
- amabhlokhi ukhonkolo egwebu (amabhlokhi amagwebu);
- amabhlokhi ukhonkolo we-slag (amabhlogo we-slag).
Izakhiwo zamatshe zithembeke kakhulu, ngoba zibizwa ngokuthi inhlokodolobha.
Igalaji elakhiwe ngokhuni, elakhelwe esakhiweni sasekolishi ehlobo ngezandla zakho, lingangena ngokuphelele ekwakhiweni kwendawo yonke
Igalaji lensimbi, elithengwe ngendlela eguquguqukayo, libuthelwa endlini encane ehlobo ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngokubamba iqhaza komdlwenguli okuhlangenwe nakho
Izigaba eziphambili zokwakhiwa kwegaraji
Noma yikuphi ukwakhiwa kudinga ukulungiswa, okuthi lapho kuthuthukiswa khona iphrojekthi yento, zonke izinto ezidingekayo zithengiwe, kwenziwe umsebenzi wasemhlabeni kuqhubeke kulolo hlu. Ake sibheke isigaba ngasinye ngokwahlukana.
Isigaba sokuqala: ukuthuthukiswa kwephrojekthi ngendlela elula
Ngaphambi kokuba wakhe egalaji indawo yokuhlala ehlobo, udinga ukucabanga ngokwengqondo ngesakhiwo esizayo bese udweba umdwebo omncane weprojekthi ephepheni. Vele, ungayala imibhalo yezobuchwepheshe kusuka kubadwebi abaqeqeshiwe, kepha lapho-ke kuzodingeka ukhohlwe ngokulondolozwa, ngoba izinsizakalo zalaba ochwepheshe azishibhile. Igalaji akuwona umsebenzi wokwakha izakhiwo, ngakho-ke ungakhela le nto ngokwakho. Kulokhu, thola izimpendulo zemibuzo eminingana:
- Igalaji liyakhiwa ngaliphi injongo? Ukuhlinzeka kuphela indawo yokupaka? Uma uhlela ukwenza ukulungisa nokulungisa izimoto, udinga umgodi wokubuka? Ngabe ngidinga isela? Bhala phansi zonke izifiso ephepheni bese uzibheka lapho wenza uhlelo lwephrojekthi.
- Yimuphi usayizi ongaba negalaji, ngokususelwa endaweni etholakalayo yamahhala endaweni engaphansi kwedolobha? Ububanzi besakhiwo, ubude, futhi, iqiniso, ukuphakama kunqunywa. Uma igalaji lidingeka kuphela ukupaka imoto, khona-ke 3 m ububanzi kanye no-5.5 m ubude kwanele. Ukuphakama kuxhomeke ekukhuleni komnikazi wemoto, ngoba ngaphezu kwakho konke kuzodingeka abe kuleli gumbi.
Umdwebo wegalaji elikhulu elakhiwe ngezitini, emabhuloki nezinye izinto zamatshe, nophahla oluchithekile, ukuvuleka kwamawindi amancane, uhlelo lokungena komoya
Isigaba sesibili: ukuwohloka ekhishini
Kulesi sigaba, baqala ngokudlulisela amacebo abhalwe ephepheni endaweni yangempela. Ngolimi lochwepheshe lwabakhi, lokhu kuzwakala njengokuthi "kwasendaweni". Banqunywe ngokutholakala kwelinye lamakona egalaji lesikhathi esizayo nesando ngesikhonkwane sokuqala esine-sledgehammer noma isando esindayo.
Ngemuva kwalokho, kusetshenziswa amathuluzi wokulinganisa (isilinganiso se-tepi, isikwele), amanye ama-engeli ayalinganiswa bese kuthi iziqu nazo ziqhutshwe ngaphakathi. Intambo yenayiloni emincane idonswa phakathi kwezikhonkwane, ezingakhuphuka zifike kumamitha angama-40, kuye ngosayizi wegaraji.
Njengesibonda, ungasebenzisa izingcezu ezingama-40 amasentimitha okuqinisa ngebanga le-10-12 mm. Ngokuvamile kuthatha izikhonkwane ezingafika kwezi-10.
Isigaba Sesithathu: Umhlaba
Baqala ukwakhiwa okusebenzayo kwegaraji ezweni ngokuqaliswa kokusebenza komhlaba, lapho kudonswa umsele wokuthulula isisekelo sebhanti. Ububanzi bomsele buvame ukuba ngamasentimitha angama-40, ukujula kuya ngesilinganiso sokuqandeka kwenhlabathi endaweni. Isisekelo esingcwatshwe ngokungafanele singadala imifantu ezindongeni zegaraji kanye nokunye ukulimala. Kwezinye izindawo, amasentimitha angama-60 anele, kanti kwezinye kuzodingeka ukuthi abambe ngokujulile kabili.
Ukuze phansi komsele owembelwe isisekelo ungakhululeki, inhlabathi ikhethwa ibe ungqimba onesibalo semvelo (okungukuthi, inhlabathi ekule ndawo akufanele ibe ngobuningi). Izindonga zomsele ziphathwa ngokucophelela ngefosholo, zifeza ubuntu bazo nokuma mpo.
Isigaba sesine: ukuthulula isisekelo strip
Kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezisekelo, kufanelekile ukukhetha inguqulo kakhonkolo, ngoba lapho uyithulula, kungenzeka ukunciphisa izindleko usimende ngokusebenzisa itshe lokugoba. Sebenza ukufakwa kwesisekelo sikakhonkolo kwenziwa kalula nje. Itshe lokugoba libekwa ngemigqa emiseleni yokumba, ichithe uhlaka ngalunye ngodaka nosimende. Ukusebenza kuyaphindwa kuze kube yilapho begcwalisa umsele wokumba obhungeni.
Ngesikhathi kwakhiwa igalaji ezweni, kuthululelwa isisekelo sikakhonkolo. Kumdwebo: 1. Ukuvimbela amanzi. 2. Indawo eyimpumputhe evimba amanzi ukuthi angangeni esisekelweni. 3. Itshe elichotshoziwe elithelwe ngodaka kasimende
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi amandla esisekelo ngokuqondile ancike kwikhwalithi kasimende. Ukuze isakhiwo segaraji singashoni futhi singambozwa nge-web yokuqhekeka, kubalulekile ukuthenga usimende (usimende ePortland) ongaphansi kwebanga 400.
Ukuxuba isisombululo, usimende nesihlabathi kuthathwa ku-1: 2,5. Ngamanye amagama, usimende owodwa nohhafu wesimende kufanele abandakanye ezingxenyeni ezimbili nesiqingatha sesanti. Amanzi engezwa kancane, afinyelela ukuhamba kwesisombululo. Amanzi ngokuvamile athatha okuningi njengosimende.
Isigaba Sesihlanu: ukufakwa kwesakhiwo esingaphansi komhlaba, ukufakwa kwamasango, ukwakhiwa kwezindonga
Kuwo wonke umkhawulo womsele, kufakwa amafomu kulelizinga, kusetshenziswa amapulangwe kulokhu, ukugcwalisa isisekelo ngodaka lukakhonkolo. Uma isiza sokwakha singazange sidalulwe ekuqaleni, khona-ke iphuzu eliphakeme kakhulu lithathwa njengesisekelo sokufunda ukuphakama kwesisekelo. I-10 cm inezelwe kwisisekelo futhi i-Horon iyavezwa. Kubekwa izingqimba ezimbili zokuvimbela amanzi phezu komhlaba owomile wethanga, lapho kusetshenziselwa khona umqulu wentaba yophahla. Ukungena kwamanzi okuvundlile kuvikela izindonga ekungeneni kokuswakama kwe-capillary okuvela emhlabathini.
Ngaphambi kokuqala ukwakhiwa kwezindonga, kuyadingeka ukufaka iminyango yegaraji yensimbi, ezoxazululwa ngobumbano. Amandla wokuxhumeka phakathi kohlaka lomnyango nodonga kuqinisekiswa izingxenye ezifakwe ngaphakathi ezihlanganisiwe kuwo ngenani lezicucu ezine ohlangothini ngalunye. Njengezingxenye ezifakiwe, izinduku eziyindilinga ziyasetshenziswa, ububanzi bawo kufanele okungenani bube yi-10-12 mm. Lapho kwenziwa ukwenziwa kwamatshe, izinduku zensimbi zifakwa uphawu kufakwe umthungo.
By the way, ungakhohlwa ukudweba ingaphezulu kwesango, okungcono ngezendlalelo ezimbili, ngaphambi kokuqala ukufakwa. Lapho ufaka, hlola izinga lokuma kwesikhundla sabo, uma kunesidingo, khona-ke faka amatshe ayizicaba noma amapuleti wensimbi emakhoneni. Amasango adaluliwe asekelwa ngemiklamo yokhuni.
Ngemuva kokuphothula ukufakwa kohlaka lwesango, baqala ukubeka izindonga zegaraji besebenzisa indlela yokwenza izinto ezenziwe ngamaketanga. Ngasikhathi sinye, izixhaxha zomugqa wangaphambilini zigqitshwa umugqa olandelayo wamabhulokhi we-cinder noma ezinye izinto zamatshe ezikhethiwe ekwakhiweni kwegaraji. Ngokuhambisana nobuchwepheshe, ukwenziwa komzimba kuhlala kuqala kusukela emakhoneni. Phakathi kwamakhona asondelene adalulwe kudonsa intambo lapho abeka khona amabhlogo asele ngokulandelana. Bese uphakamisa amakhona, udonse intambo futhi ubeke omunye umugqa wamabhulokhi.
Kusebenzisa izinga lokwakha lapho ubeka izindonga zegaraji ngezandla zakho kukuvumela ukuthi uqiniseke ngobungako bazo zonke izindawo, zombili izinkomba eziqonde ngqo naphezulu
Usebenzisa umugqa we-plumb, i-verticality yezindonga ihlolwa ngezikhathi ezithile. Ukuqaphelisisa kuyakhokhelwa ngokuthe mpo kwamakhona. Isikhundla esilinganayo semigqa efakiwe siqinisekiswa yizinga lesakhiwo.
Ukugqagqana kwegaraji kusebenza njengophahla lwayo ngasikhathi sinye, ngakho-ke izindonga zokugcina zinokuphakama okuhlukile, okuqinisekisa ukuhamba komfula okudingakalayo, okudingekayo ukuze kudonswe amanzi emvula. Ingxenye engenhla yezindonga eziseceleni nayo i-sloped, umahluko ophakeme ngamasentimitha amahlanu ngebanga.Ukuphakama kodonga lwangaphambili lapho iminyango yegaraji lakhiwa khona kuvame ukuba amamitha ayi-2,5, kuthi emuva (izimpumputhe) kube ngamamitha ayi-2. Uma kunesidingo sokwenza izindonga ziphakeme, ukubumbana kudinga ukuqiniswa, okunikezwa yi-mesh yensimbi, ebekwe kuwo wonke umugqa wesihlanu.
Udaka kasimende osetshenziselwa ukubeka izindonga zegaraji ugoqwa ngesilinganiso esilandelayo:
- Amabhakede kasimende angama-400 ePortland;
- amabhakede esihlabathi amane nesiqingatha.
Amanzi ayangezwa kuze kube yilapho ikhambi lithola ukuvumelana kokhilimu omuncu omuncu. Ukuhlanganiswa kwepulasitiki kwengxube kasimende kuzonikeza inhlama ejwayelekile yobumba noma yenhlabathi. Izindonga eziqediwe zihlanganiswa ngodaka nosimende noma udaka, bese zihlanganiswa ngogqinsi.
Ukwenza ukufakwa kwamabhulokhi endaweni ephakeme, kusetshenziswa izigaqa okumele zimelane nesisebenzi, amabhlokhi amaningana nesiqukathi esinezixazululo
Isigaba sesithupha: uphahla nophahla
Ukugqagqana kwenziwa kusuka ku-I-beams yensimbi, ukuphakama kwawo kungaba yi-100 - 120 mm. Imishayo enjalo igubungela kalula igaraji, ububanzi bayo abudluli kumamitha ayi-6. 20 cm yengezwe kububanzi begalaji, ngaleyo ndlela ithola ubude bokubhoboza. Amasentimitha ayi-10 afakwa odongeni olude logongolo, kuyilapho izigaxa zesilinda endaweni yezisekele zingenziwa esikhundleni sazo emabhuloki enziwe ngokhonkolo we-monolithic. Isinyathelo sokubeka imishayo singama-80 cm.
Ngemuva kwalokho uphahla "uthungiwe" ngamabhodi angama-40 mm eceleni kwamashalofu aphansi emishayo. Izinto eziphahliweyo zisakazeka phezu kwazo, lapho kuthululelwa khona i-slag, kubekwa ubumba olunwetshiwe noma ubumba lwamaminerali. Okulandelayo, kwenziwa isigaxa samakha usimende angama-35 mm, ingaphezulu kwalokho okumele kudalwe ngokucophelela.
Ngemuva kokuthi isikhafu sesomile ngokuphelele, sifakwa nge-primer futhi simbozwe ngezinto zokuphahla ezingangeni manzi (ngokwesibonelo, i-bicrost, i-rubemast, njll.) Egqinsiwe ngokusebenzisa i-mastic noma ngokunyibilika.
Funda kabanzi mayelana nokuhlelwa kophahla lapha - inketho ebunjiwe kanye nenketho ye-gable.
Isigaba Sesikhombisa: insiza yaphansi nezindawo eziyimpumputhe
Iphansi legalaji kumele libe ngokhonkolo ukusekela isisindo somshini. Ungqimba lwedraw elihle noma ngesihlabathi lithululelwa esisekelweni sobumba esidalwe, lugxotshwe kahle lwathelwa ngokhonkolo ukhonkolo ongamasentimitha ayi-10. Kukhonkolo kulungiselelwe kusuka usimende, isihlabathi kanye namatshe amatshe amancane (1: 2: 3). Ngosizo lwama-beacons adaluliwe, baqapha ingaphezulu lephansi, ukuvimba ukubukeka kwezindunduma nokudangala.
Ngaphandle kwegaraji, indawo eyimpumputhe ihlelwe ngokuzungeza uzungu, ububanzi bayo bunghhafu wemitha. Futhi, isisekelo sobumba simbozwe ngotshani, okuthelwa phezu kwawo ukhonkolo obukhulu obuyi-5 cm. Indawo eyimpumputhe yakhelwe ngaphansi komthambeka omncane, okunomthelela ekususeni ngokushesha amanzi emvula ezindongeni zegalari yemoto.
Umhlobiso ongaphakathi egalaji uncike ekuthandweni ngumnikazi wemoto kanye nokutholakala kwezinhloso ezingeziwe zokusebenzisa izakhiwo. Kunikezwe ukukhanya okukhanyayo futhi, uma kunokwenzeka, ukufudumeza
Amavidiyo ayisibonelo ngesinyathelo
Le yindlela onga ngayo, ngaphandle kokujaha, ukwakha igaraji ezweni ngezandla zakho. Ukwenza umsebenzi ngokuya ngecebo futhi usuka esiteji uye esiteji, uzokwazi ukuthola igumbi eliqinile, elinokwethenjelwa lokupaka imoto.
