Ama-apula asetshiwe athola ukuthandwa kwawo ngenxa yezivuno ezinhle nokunambitheka kwabo.
Lokhu kungenye yezinhlobo ezinhle kunazo zonke ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu, njengoba kuqinisekiswe incazelo kanye nesithombe somuthi we-apula owawunziwe.
Uhlobo luni?
Ama-apula aphethwe yibo abhekiselwa kuwo ebusika noma izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zasebusika.
Izithelo ze-apula zivuthwe engxenyeni yokuqala ka-Okthoba futhi aziqhubeki ngaphambi kokuqala kwesithwathwa.
Ngesitoreji esifanele, ama-apula ezinhlobonhlobo zasebusika akwazi ukulondoloza izimfanelo zabo zokunambitheka isikhathi eside.
Izinhlobo zasebusika zezihlahla ze-apula nazo zihlanganisa i-Antonovka Dessert, i-Golden Delicious, uGranny Smith, uStarkrimson no-Kurnakovsky.
Incazelo ezihlukahlukene Idared
Izinga zangaphandle ze-apula nezithelo zalo zizocatshangwa ngokwehlukana.
Izihlahla ze-apple ezivuthiwe zinayo umqhele wesiphephelo. Umuthi ukhula ngamamitha angu-6 phezulu, unamagatsha amakhulu namakhulu amakhulu, atholakala esiqwini up ekhoneni lika-45 degrees.
Amagxolo omuthi ahamba kahle, aphuzi-abomvu. Amaqabunga ahlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-oblong enephezulu.
Izimbali ze-Apple zenziwe i-large, pink, eziqoqwe nge-inflorescences ezincane. Izimbali iqala Iminyaka engu-3-8 yokuphilaKwenzeka ngo-Ephreli-Meyi.
Izithelo zika-Apple ezinkulu, ezungeze flat. Unombala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka ophuzi obomvu obomvu, obunemibala e-waxy. Inyama yesithelo ihlanzekile, i-creamy, i-dense, ukunambitheka kwayo kuyamnandi futhi kuyomuncu.
Izinhlobo ezinjalo ziyakwazi ukukujabulisa ngokunambitheka okukhulu kwama-apula: iphayona lase-Orlovsky, i-Ekranny, i-Bolshaya Narodnoe, i-Orlinka ne-Aromatny.
Umlando wokuzala
Hlunga u-Idared uvele ngo-1935 e-USA, e-Idaho, ngenxa yokuhamba ngokuphumelelayo kwezinhlobonhlobo Wagner futhi UJonathan.
Njengoba imelana nezifo eziningi, lezi zihlukahlukene ngokushesha zathola ukuthandwa kwayo. Njengoba zisakazwa kabanzi eningizimu yeRussia, ekupheleni kweminyaka engu-60 lezi zilwane zaqala ukukhula ngokugcwele e-Ukraine.
Isifunda sokukhula kwemvelo
ERussia, ukulima kwezilwane ezihlukahlukene ikakhulukazi kwenzeka Isifunda saseKrasnodar. Ngale njongo, izindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba zanikezwe lapha.
Ngakho-ke kuphi enye i-Idared ekhula khona izihlahla ze-apula? Izifunda ezikhulayo eziphakanyisiwe ziyi I-Volga ephansi futhi I-North Caucasus.
Isihlahla se-Apple sishiyiwe ayibekezeli amaqhwangakho-ke ukutshala kwalo kuphakanyiswa. kuphela ezindaweni ezifudumelelapho izinga lokubanda ebusika aliwi phansi okungenani ama-degrees angu-20 Celsius.
Uma udinga izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zasebusika, qaphela iLate Moscow, i-Veteran, Ubuhlobo Babantu, u-Oryol Polesye no-Kvinti.
Ukuthela
I-apula iqala ukuletha isivuno sayo kusukela ngonyaka wesihlanu noma wesithupha wokuphila.
Kuyafaneleka ukuphawula lokho ukuvuna kuvamile. Izithelo zalezi zinhlobonhlobo zisatshalaliswa ngendlela efanayo kulo lonke ubude bamagatsha, kuyilapho kungekho ukuchayeka okubonakalayo.
Ku kolchatka kuze kube sesikhathini sokususwa kwesithelo kulondolozwe izithelo ezimbili kuya kwezintathu.
Eminyakeni yokuvuna okuningi, amagatsha onke angase avele emagatsheni. igundane lama-apula, encane futhi ngokuqinile ihlangene.
Ama-apula aqoshiwe avuthwe ekwindla: ekupheleni kukaSepthemba - maphakathi no-Okthoba.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuqala kwesikhathi somthengi kuwela ngoFebhuwari.
Izithelo ezigcinwe emiphongolweni kuze kube yingxenye yonyaka ingase iqhubeke esimweni esiphelele.
Ezimweni zesitoreji esiqandisini, zingaphikisana kuze kube sekuqaleni kwehlobo.
Izitshalo eziphezulu ziboniswa yizinhlobo ezilandelayo zezihlahla ze-apula, i-Pear Winter, Indodakazi kaMelba, i-Antey, i-Shtripel no-Aloe Vera.
Ukutshala nokunakekelwa
I-apple i-Idared isibopho sokutshala izihlahla zokuvota. Njenge-pollinator, noma yikuphi ukuhluka okuqhakaza ngesikhathi esifanayo kuzokwenza. Isibonelo, bangaba I-Red Delicious noma Wagner.
Ukulungiswa komhlaba ukuqala ukuqala ezinyangeni ezimbalwa. Ngaphambi kokutshala isihlahla, kumele uyigubhe, emva kwalokho khulula, ukunqoba ukhula, ukutshalaemva kwalokho bamba futhi.
Njengoba umanyolo kungcono ukuthatha i-peat, isihlabathi, i-turf nomhlabathi wezinyosi.
Peat cishe akuyona i-agent causative yezifo ezihlukahlukene futhi inokuphakama kakhulu okuqukethwe komswakamaYingakho kufanele isetshenziswe njengomanyolo.
Sand isetshenziswa kuphela exutshwe ne-peatukukhanyisa inhlabathi eyindayo. Ngokuvamile ukuthatha isihlabathi somfula esihlanzekile. Umhlaba we-dragon okuthiwa ungqimba oluphezulu lomhlabathi - inhlabathi evundile. Akunconywa ukuthatha umquba omusha njengomanyolo, kungcono ukusebenzisa umquba womquba.
Emva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa kuqala ukulungiselela umgodi wokutshala. Lesi sigaba kubhekwa kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba umgodi uzoba umthombo omkhulu wezakhi zomuthi we-apula.
Ububanzi Ukugibela umgodi kufanele kube nxazonke 120 cmkanye naye ukujula - 60-80 cm. Bamba ngakho izinyanga ezimbili ngaphambi kokufika umuthi we-apula uqobo.
Lokhu kwenziwa ukuze wonke umquba okudingekayo ukugcwalisa umgodi unesikhathi sokugaya, nomgodi - ukulungisa.
Isikhathi esihle sokuhlala izinkuni zibhekwa ekwindla, isikhathi esivela ngasekupheleni kukaSepthemba kuya ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, izihlahla ze-apula zingatshalwa ngesikhathi sasekuseni, kodwa kungakapheli maphakathi no-Meyi.
Uma ukutshala i-apula kwenzeka entwasahlobo, khona-ke izithombo kudinga ukuphuziswa isikhathi esideukuze zihambelane kahle futhi zingathinteki ukushisa.
Ukutshala izithombo emgodini wokutshala ngumgodi. I-sapling efakwe kuwo, intamo impande okufanele ibe ngesikhathi esifanayo 3-5 cm ngaphezu komphetho womgodi.
Iqiniso liwukuthi uma utshala ngokujulilekhona-ke umuthi unakho Yeka ukukhulakuyoba nomqhele ongakhiwe kahle, uzobhekana nezifo ezihlukahlukene. Uma utshala futhi phezulu, lesi sitshalo sizoba ukukhuthazelela ubusika.
Qinisekisa ukuthi izimpande zesitshalo zisatshalaliswa ngendlela efanele emgodini, bese uthela imbewu enhlabathini. Ngesikhathi sokubuyisela emuva, gxuma isithombo ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze umhlaba usatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo nxazonke ezimpandeni.
Ngemuva kokuthi ugcwalise inhlabathi engaphansi komuthi we-apula, qinisa inyawo. Qaphela ukuba ungabhidliza izimpande. Manje eduze nesitshalo iqhube isibalolapho ibopha isipela.
Emapulaseni asanda kuhlwanyelwa umgodi ohambisana nomngcele womgodi. I-seedling ithuliswa ngamanzi noma amabili amabhakede amanzi ukuqinisekisa ukuxhumana okuhle kwenhlabathi nezimpande.
Ngonyaka wokuqala wokutshala, umanyolo cishe awusetshenziswanga. Ungafafaza umhlaba nxazonke zezithombo ingxube yomhlaba nge peat noma humusukunciphisa ukuphuma kwamanzi emgodini nokuvimbela ukuqhuma kwenhlabathi.
Into esemqokangesikhathi amanzi isihlahla susa ukhula futhi ukukhulula inhlabathi.
Kuzozonke iminyaka emithathu yokuqala ukuphila komuthi wama-apula kufakwa emhlabathini nitrogen umquba. Lokhu kwenziwa kabili ngonyaka - entwasahlobo nasekwindla. Kulezo zithombo ezivele zineminyaka embalwa, umanyolo usetshenziswa emibuthanweni ye-pristvolny.
Ekwindla Umuthi we-apula kumele udliwe ngomanyolo oqukethe i-potassium ne-nitrogen, kanye nomanyolo oyingqayizivele obalulekile (isibonelo, ammophos noma nitrophoska). Futhi kunconyiwe ama-splatter saplings ane-vitriol eluhlaza okwesibhakabhakangaphambi kokunikela izakhi. Lokhu kuzosiza ukuvikela izihlahla ezingenakwenzeka ukubola kwezithelo.
Izihlahla zondla i-saltpeter, urea, i- futhi futhi i-ammonium sulphate. Ukuntuleka kwe-potassium emhlabathini kungaba nomthelela oqinile esitshalweni, okungukuthi, yimuphi umbala nobukhulu bazoba khona.
Ukuntuleka kwe-nitrogen kuthinta isimo sezimpande zomuthi. Wonke umquba wenziwa emva kokudubula kwezihlahla, ukumba nokugubha inhlabathi. Ekuqaleni kwehlobo lonke i-apula isondliwe potassium sulfate kanye ne-urea.
Noma yikuphi umuthi we-apula, ikakhulukazi uma sikhuluma ngezihlahla ezincane, udinga ukuchelela, futhi kufanele kwenziwe ngesikhathi.
Kudingeka umuthi we-apula omncane amanzi cishe izikhathi ezingu-5 esikhathini kusukela entwasahlobo kuya ekwindla, amabhakede amathathu amanzi. Lezo zihlahla ezingakhula unyaka wokuqala, udinga ukuwasebenzisa Izikhathi ezingu-3.
Ukuphuza kokuqala kwenzeka lapho i-apula ikhula, kodwa kuphela uma entwasahlobo ishisa futhi iyomile.
Okwesibili uma umuthi uphuziswa ngesikhathi ukwakhiwa kwama-apula kanye nama-apula amancane. Ngalesi sikhathi, umuthi we-apula njalo udinga umswakama owengeziwe.
Ukuchelela okwesithathu kwenzeka lapho izithelo zikhula zibe usayizi ophakathi.
Ungabukela ividiyo nge amathiphu wokuthi ungakhetha kanjani futhi utshale izihlahla zezithelo ekuwa.
Indlela yokubhekana nezinambuzane?
Kunezinambuzane eziningi emthini we-apula, ngakho into ebaluleke kakhulu ukuqala ukulwa nabo lapho umonakalo wokuqala ubonakala.
Emagqabeni ezihlahla ngokuvamile ahlaselwa apple aphid. Uqala ukubeka amaqanda akhe ekwindla, kanti entwasahlobo evela kubo izibungu ezondla ukukhishwa kwejusi elimnandi. Ukuqeda le nkathazo, udinga spray isihlahla ngokukhipha ugwayi.
Izinambuzane ezingekho ngaphansi kweziyingozi zibhekwa sucker. Lezi zinambuzane zingalimaza amafihledi omuthi, kanye nezimbali zombala nezimpande. Beka amaqanda ukuchitha ubusika emaphethweni ahamba phambili emagatsheni, ngaphansi kwezinso.
Ngesikhathi sasekuseni, lapho amaqabunga eqhakaza, izimpungushe ziqala ukuqhuma, ezikhuphuka ngaphakathi kwezinso.
Ukuze uphumelele ukulwa ne-apple sucker ekuqaleni kokusahlobo kwentwasahlobo, ngisho nangaphambi kokuhluma, umuthi kufanele uchithelwa ngamalungiselelo. nitrafen, olecouprat, kemiphos noma karbofos.
Ukuqeda izibungu esikhathini lapho amaqabunga eqhakaza khona, kubalulekile ukucubungula isihlahla. izinambuzane.
Ingozi ye-apula nayo nayo uphawu olubomvuesitholakala emaqabunga omuthi.
Amathikithi abomvu abeka amaqanda awo emagqumeni naphansi kwamagxolo amahlumela lapho kuqala isimo sezulu esibanda, ngasekupheleni kwehlobo.
Ngalesi sikhathi esithile kubalulekile ukulwa nabo: isiqu izinkuni egoqwe nge-plastic plastic, i-spatula ihlanza amagxolo kanye namaqanda.
Amaqanda ama-mite asele ehlathini izinkuni azonikeza isizukulwane esisha sezimpungushe ngokuqala kwentwasahlobo.
Kuleli qophelo, izihlahla zidinga ukucutshungulwa. i-neoron. Ukulwa ngesikhathi sokukhula kuyasetshenziswa i-acaricides.
Ingozi enkulu ibangela i-moth yekhowudi. Okokuqala, inkathazo enjalo iyathinta isithelo se-apula.
Umuthi ubeka amaqanda ayo emagqabeni omuthi nama-apula. Ukulwisana nalo kuvame ukusetshenziswa izinambuzane ze-organophosphate.
Apple sawfly ekwazi ukushaya i-ovary yesithelo, ngenxa yokuthi ama-apula asinaso isikhathi sokuvuthwa, awela eluhlaza. Izihlahla ezithintekile ziphathwa ngamalungiselelo akhethekile, njenge Rogor, i-chlorophos, i-karbofos nokunye
Ukwelashwa kokuqala kwenzeka ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuqhakaza kwe-apula, esigabeni samahlumela esipinki.
Ukwelashwa kwesibili, uma kunesidingo, kwenziwa ngokushesha ngemuva kokuchichima.
Akudingekile ukuba udlulisele ukunakwa kanye nezinambuzane ezifana nezithelo zezitshalo, amabhu okumba izimayini, ama-silkworms kanye nama-haws.
Ngokulawulwa kwezinambuzane ezifanele futhi ngesikhathi esifanele, i-apula izokukhula kahle futhi izojabula minyaka yonke ngokuvuna okucebile.
Ngakho-ke, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-apula ezibekwa i-apula, ezakhiwe ngabalimi baseMelika, azikho ngaphandle kwesizathu esetshenziswa kakhulu.
Umuthi we-apula uveza isivuno njalo, unezithelo ezinkulu ezihlwabusayo ezingagcinwa isikhathi eside ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele.
