Umkhuba endaweni engadini kanye nokusetshenziswa kocansi ithanga inika kahle ukulima nokukhathalela ezimweni ezahlukene, kufaka phakathi indawo evulekile.
Ithanga: incazelo yezitshalo zensimu
Izithelo ezibushelelezi, ezingalingani noma ezinamahloni ezithandweni, ezitholakala ngenxa yokulima kwemvelo, zinemibono ehlukahlukene kakhulu, umbala nesisindo. Lezi zingxenye zokugcina zivela kuma-gramu ama-gram. Amathanga akhula emhlabathini ovulekile akhishwa yizici ezicacile zesimiso saso - ukujula (kufika ku-3 m) wezimpande ezisemqoka kanye nokusabalalisa kabanzi (ingxenye efika ku-10 sq. M) esebenzayo, etholakala ezweni elihle 20-25 cm ebusweni.
Lokhu kunikeza ukubekezelelana okuqinile kwesomiso. Yize izinhlobo ezinhlobonhlobo sezihlahla seziye zaziwa ngokujwayelekile emasimini, i-pumpkin ye-classic igxuma (i-crawls) emhlabathini, ihlukaniswe kumamitha amane noma ngaphezulu. Iqabunga elikhulu lamaqabunga lenziwe ngamaqabunga amaqabunga amakhulu nge-petioles ehlangene engenawo ama-stipules. Isitshalo ngasinye siyindlu evamile yezimbali zesilisa nabesifazane.
Izimbali zobulili obufanayo zombala ofanayo obomvu-orange zihlukile:
- ukulandelana kwezimbali (ukuvela kuqala owesilisa);
- indawo esiteshini (owesifazane - ngenhla);
- ama-pedicels (kubesilisa - isikhathi eside);
- ukuba khona kwamanye ama-inflorescences (kuphela amadoda).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimbali zasifazane ezingekho impova zihlala isikhathi eside. Ukutshala impova kwenziwa yizinambuzane (ngenxa yokuvuthwa kwemvelo yempova, engakwazi ukudlulisela umoya) noma ukuphathwa ngabantu. Okuhle kunazo zonke ukuvota impova yemvelo kungukusa kwelanga lokuqala emva kokunisela noma imvula.
Ukungabi khona kwezinyosi ngenxa yobanda, ukushisa noma ukusalela isikhathi eside kuholela ekwindla kwezimbali ezingenaphutha. I-ellipses yezinhlanzi zamathanga ehlanganisiwe futhi ibhekiswe emaphethelweni ahlukene ayaziwa kakhulu ngabathandi abaningi ukuba badle kuzo. Ukuhluma kuthatha iminyaka emine.
Ngokuqondene nalesi simo sokugcina, kungenzeka ukuba unike impendulo kumbuzo wokuthi kungenzeka yini ukuhlwanyela ithanga ngembewu ehlanzekile: kufanele kube khona okungaphezu kwesilinganiso esivamile (emva kwakho konke, ukuhluma kubi kakhulu), futhi uma sikhuluma ngembewu encane, kunconywa ukuba usike isandla, njengegobolondo elisha eliqinile livimbela ukungena kwegciwane.
Uyazi? Ezingxenyeni eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-8 zezinkukhu ezidume umhlaba wonke, 200 kuphela ezifanele ukudla.
Izici zamathanga ezikhulayo, indlela yokukhetha isakhiwo sokutshala
Ngaphezu kokunakekelwa kwemvelo ezindaweni zokukhanya nezokushisa kanye nesakhiwo somhlabathi wesayithi lapho ihlumela liyokhula khona, kubalulekile ukucabangela ubuqili bezinsimbandlela zayo, okuyisusa esisusayo izakhi ezisemhlabathini, kanye namahlamvu avulekile akwazi ukuvimbela izitshalo eziseduze.
Izidingo zokukhanyisa
Okufanelekile, ithanga lidinga ukukhanyisa, njengoba abalimi bethi, ngelanga eligcwele, okungukuthi, kufanele okungenani libe namahora ayisithupha ilanga eliqondile ngosuku. Umphumela wale mphumela uzokwenyuka isivuno kanye nekhwalithi yezithelo ezithuthukisiwe.
Kodwa uzodlulisela i-penumbra ngokwanele. Lokhu kusetshenziselwa ukwandisa ukusetshenziswa komhlaba okutholakala, ukuhlanganiswa kwezithombo ezinhlobonhlobo zezinkukhu ezitshalwe isikhathi eside. Umthunzi we-ithanga ngokwawo wenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuhlakulela ukhula. Ngale ndlela, ingasetshenziswa njengendlela yokuhlanza inhlabathi.
Ukushisa okwenziwe kahle kwezithombo noma imbewu
Umthetho jikelele udinga ukuthi umkhawulo owedlulele wokushisa kwemoya yansuku zonke lapho ukutshala izithombo zamathanga kwakungekho ngaphansi kuka-8 ° C (ukutshala imbewu - kusuka ku-13 ° С nangaphezulu) ngokuya kokuhla kwebusuku okungaphansi kwe-3 ° С. Kwezinye izimo, ingozi ayifanele.
Kufanele kube inhlabathi yokutshala
Ithanga elikhula kahle kunoma yimuphi umhlabathi lithanda inhlabathi egcwele ama-humus, enomsoco kodwa hhayi emgqonyeni kakhulu, enamanzi amaningi. Ukuze uthole lokhu, ngaphambi kokutshala (ukuhlwanyela) inhlabathi ixubene nenani elikhulu lomquba.
Umhlabathi we-ithanga ungaba yi-acidic noma i-alkaline encane, kepha i-acidity (pH) ye-6.5 ibhekwa njengendlela efanele. Akudingekile ukutshala ithanga endaweni lapho izihlobo zayo zazikhulayo (ukhukhamba, zucchini, isikwashi).
Ngemuva kwezitshalo ezinye, inhlabathi ye-ithanga ifanelekile, nokutshala emva kwamazambane, iklabishi, utamatisi, anyanisi, izaqathe, okusanhlamvu kwasebusika (ummbila kanye nokoloyi), izitshalo ezihlukahlukene kanye nezinhlayiya ze-herbaceous zihle kakhulu.
Kubalulekile! Ungesabi amanzi angaphansi komhlaba (0.6 - 0.7 m) - angeke athinte isivuno sethanga.
Ukutshala amathanga ensimini (izinsuku zokutshala, ukuhlwanyela ubuchwepheshe, izithombo zokukhetha, ukulungiselela imbewu, njll)
Kungcono kakhulu ukuqhubeka, ukucacisa noma ukutshala imbewu yepump noma izithombo, umnikazi kufanele atshele isimo sezulu lapho sitholakala khona. Okungukuthi, ngaphambi kokutshala ithanga ngqo emhlabathini ovulekile noma kwizithombo, udinga ukuchitha isikhathi esithile ekutadisheni nasekuhloleni izici zemvelo. Kuncike ekutheni indawo yendawo lapho abalimi bonyaka bazotshala khona amathanga. Ngokuyinhloko, ibhande eliphakathi lokhu kungukuphela kuka-Ephreli.
Ukuhlwanyela imbewu emhlabathini ovulekile
Ngokuqondile imbewu yemifino evulekile yatshala emasimini lapho izinga lokushisa kwe-July lingekho ngaphansi kwama-degrees angu-18. Ngaphambi kwalokho, kufanele uqiniseke, uma ufunde ukubikezelwa kwezimo zezulu, ngokungabikho kwesongo sokukhathazeka okuthula, njengoba ngezinye izikhathi kuthiwa kubuya amaqhwa. Emva kwalokhu ingozi idlulile, ukhiqiza imbewu. Uma isimo sesimo sezulu siwohloka, kungcono ukumboza izitshalo ngezindwangu ezingelusiwe.
Kubalulekile! Usuku ngaphambi kokutshala, imbewu iyatshiswa futhi igonywe emanzini ngomlotha oqhekekile.
Amathanga akhula ngendlela ye-rassadny
Uma usukhethile indlela yokutshala, udinga ukunakekela kahle ukuhlwanyela imbewu yezimpande ezitshalweni. Ezimpandeni zazizinzile lapho zithuthelwa ukuvula umhlaba, ukutshala imbewu yamathambo yezithombo zenziwa ngokushesha ezinhlakeni zepeat noma ezitsheni zephepha.
Uma usebenzisa amabhokisi ekuhlwanyela phansi, ngaphansi kwesigcawu se-peat nenhlabathi, ungqimba lwe-sawdust luthululelwa ngamamitha amaningana. Ukuhlwanyela kwenziwa amasonto amathathu ngaphambi kokuthuthela emhlabathini ovulekile. Ukuze imbewu ye-ithanga ikhule kahle, izinga lokushisa lokuhluma ezinsukwini ezintathu zokuqala linganda ukwedlula ama-degrees angu-25, ukunciphisa ebusuku kuze kufike ku-+15.
Ukutshala izithombo zamathambo kuhilela izimo eziningana zokugunyazwa. Lapho inhlabathi elungiselelwe ingakapheli, izithombo zamathambo akufanele zitshalwe. Kungenzeka ukunquma izinga lokushisa lomhlabathi (12 degrees) ngokumane ufake i-thermometer evamile emakhaya kuyo imizuzu engu-10. Uma ephansi, yenza isembozo somhlabathi esivela kwifilimu ye-polyethylene (mhlawumbe emnyama). Uma isikhathi singabekezeli, noma akekho enye icala lokutshala, khona-ke amalitha amathathu (noma ngaphezulu) wamanzi ashisayo angakhululwa ngaphambili emithonjeni yokufika.
Izithombo ezitshalwe ezikhungweni ze-peat zitshalwe nazo, zifihla ngaphansi kwe-3 cm kunomhlabathi wokushisa. Izithombo zamabhokisi zifakwa emithonjeni, igcwele ngamanzi, ukuze, ukuhlala emhlabathini, izimpande zigwema ukugoba okungadingekile.
Indlela yokunakekela ithanga
Ukunakekela ithanga iqala ngokuchelela ngokushesha ngemuva kokutshala. Cishe ngesonto emva kwalokhu, kunconywa ukuba uxoxise ubuso bomhlabathi ngomquba oqukethe ama-microorganisms asebenzayo ngokufaka inambuzane echotshoziwe phezulu kohlaka lwaso. I-Peat, humus, izinaliti zephayini ngisho nomhlabathi owomile nawo afanelekile njenge-mulch.
Umzuzu obalulekile wokunakekelwa ukulungiswa komhlabathi, okumele kwenziwe okungenani njalo amasonto amabili. Le nqubo cishe ihlangene njalo ne-weeding. Ngokushesha emva kokufika, ukujula kokukhuphula kungaba ngu-12 cm, futhi ekupheleni kwenyanga yokuqala kumele kuncishiswe ku-5-8 cm ukugwema umonakalo ohlelweni lwempande. Uma kungabikho impova yemvelo, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa indlela yezincwadi - ngaphandle kwalokho izithelo ezingavuthiwe zibolile.
Ukusebenza okumele kwenziwe ngaphambi kwamini, kulula: nge-anthers yembali ngayinye ehlanjululwe ngamacilongo asusiwe, kufanele uthinte ngokucophelela amapisit of one noma amabili izimbali zesifazane. Lapho isimo sesimo sezulu sithuthuka, ukuze sikhangele izinambuzane njengama-pollinator, ungafiphaza ithanga eliqhakazayo ngamanki amanzi masonto onke (ithisipuni eyodwa yobumnandi ngamalitha angu-10 amanzi).
Kubalulekile! Ukuze ungawoli isithelo - uziphathe ngokwakho.
Indlela yokwakha isitshalo
Izithombo zamangqamu masinyane ziba izitshalo ezihlumayo neziqu ezinamaqabunga amakhulu namaqabunga amakhulu. Esitshalweni esinamandla asiphuli imingcele yendawo yokukhula kwayo, kuyadingeka ukuba kuvezwe ithanga, okulula ukwenza ensimini. Ubuchwepheshe bokubamba ithanga lisetshenziselwa lokhu, futhi kumele kwenziwe ngenkathi isitshalo selincane. Ukuchotshozwa kwenzeka ngokususa i-apical bud (kungenzeka ngezingxenye zehlumela).
Umgomo wakhe - ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwamahlumela asetshenziselwa ukuqhuma, okufaka inani elikhulu lezimbali zesifazane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amahlumela amancane ase-axillary afinyelele ku-5-7 cm asusiwe - le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi i-staving. Yenziwa emhlabathini ovulekile kanyekanye nokususwa kwamagqabi angaphezu kwamanye amazwe kanye nesiqondiso sawo wonke ama-pump whimps. Ukushiya ngesikhathi esisodwa ekuqhumeni komunye ovary, esigabeni sokuvuna bathola ubukhulu obukhulu bezithelo.
Ukunisela nokufaka umquba
Isikhathi sokunisela for ithanga yisikhathi zezimbali zayo, ukuvela nokuthuthukiswa kwama-ovari. Ekuqaleni kwesithelo, isitshalo sinisela ngamanzi ukuze singakhuli kakhulu. Khona-ke umthamo womswakama, futhi ufudumele (okungenani +20 degrees), ukwanda.
Ukufudumala okubalulekile kunomthelela ekwakheni izimbali zesifazane. Amanzi okuphuza amafutha noma amanzi ase-artesian akwazi ukubhubhisa ukufika. Uma amahlamvu angempela ebonakala ekhunjini elikhulayo, liqala ukondliwa nge-nitrophoska eyomile (10 g isitshalo ngasinye) kanti ama-gramu angu-15 e-nitrophosphate ahlanjululwa ngamanzi anikezwa emifino ngayinye uma kutholakala imivimbo emilenze.
Ukudla okubili (ngenyanga) kuyondla futhi kunconywa ukuthi usebenzise:
- - umlotha ngesilinganiso se-1 cup / 1 plant;
- - isisombululo (1: 8) se-mullein ekubalweni kwamalitha angu-10 kwezitshalo eziyisithupha, ngenkathi kukhula isikhathi sokukhula, futhi ngezinyanga ezintathu ngesikhathi sokukhula;
- - i-humus, i-droppings yenkukhu ebolile noma i-dung, i-humus-ingaba ngeso.
Indlela yokuvikela ithanga kusuka ezinambuzane nezifo
| Izinambuzane nezifo | Ukubonakaliswa | Izindlela zokuvikela |
| I-Aphid emnandi | I-curl ye-Leaf, izimbali ziyawa | Ukufafaza ukumnika amandla e-celandine (noma i-garlic, noma ikhasi le-anyanisi) noma ikhambi lamakhemikhali (kemifos, actellic, fufanon). Ukuvunwa kwekwindla kanye nokwehliswa kwezinsalela zezitshalo, ukumba okujulile kwenhlabathi |
| Slugs | Ukulimala amaqabunga amancane (izimbobo ezizungezile kanye nemivimbo ye-silvery), kamuva - ama-ovari | Umhlabathi ukhulula, ukucwilisa, ukuhluma. Izicupho zamagqabha iklabishi, ama-peel peels, izigqoko ezimanzi, zilandelwa ukubhujiswa kwezinambuzane kulesisombululo se-salin. I-Superphosphate nezinye iziqephu zokuvikela amakhemikhali ezungeze izitshalo. Isixazululo sokusakaza se-creacid |
| Idonsa likaMealy | Ukumila kwamaqabunga aphethwe yizigqila ezimhlophe ezimhlophe ezifinyelela ezinhlobonhlobo kanye ne-petioles | Weeding okwesikhashana. Ukunisela okufudumele. Ukususwa kwamagqabi agulayo. Ukuphalaza ngamakhemikhali (i-strobi, i-topazi) nokwelashwa kwawo emhlabathini amasonto amathathu ngaphambi kokuvuna |
| I-Perinosporosis (i-downy isikhutha) | Ukukhula nokomisa izindawo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka namaqabunga aphuzi-amaqabunga emaqabunga | Ukufudumala kwembewu ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela. Ukuphalaza ngamakhemikhali (i-strobe, i-cartocide, i-oxychloride yethusi, i-cuproxate) |
| I-Anthracnose | Ukumisa nokwenza izimbobo emaqabunga, izindawo ezicindezelekile ngeqhakabhaka elibomvu. Kubonakala futhi kuma-cotyledons nama-petioles | Ukususwa kwezitshalo ezigulayo. Ukuphalaza (Bordeaux liquid, oxychloride yethusi, abigalic) |
Ithanga: ukuvuna nini futhi kanjani
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ithanga elihlukahlukene kufanele lisuswe ngokuphelele ngaphambi kokuqala kwe-autumn frosts.
Ukuvuthwa kwelanga futhi ukulungela ukuvuna kunqunywa yi:
- ukuma okukhulu, ubulukhuni nokuqina komuthi;
- omile, amaqabunga aphuzi futhi aphuzi;
- ubuso obunzima bezithelo nokukhanya kombala wayo.
Uma isikhathi esihle sokufika sithatha izinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo, tshela imiyalelo noma iziphuzo zamasimu. Ukuvuthwa kokuqala (Winter Sweet, Blue Hubbard, Volga Gray, Healing, Russian) lokhu kuvame ukuphela kuka-Agasti. Banezinto ezincane zokuphila (kuze kube inyanga), ngakho-ke isitshalo siphuthuma ngokushesha.
Ukuhlanza kweSepthemba kuklanyelwe izinhlobo zonyaka. Ezinye izithelo zezinhlobo eziseduze (Pearl, Testi Delaip, Vitamin, Butternat) ngezinye izikhathi zisuswe ngisho ezingavuthiwe-ke (ngemuva kwenyanga) zithole ukuvuthwa okudingekayo endaweni epholile. Isidingo esivamile sezithelo ezivuniwe ukungabikho komonakalo, okuholela ekuwohlokeni nasekuhlulekeni ukusebenzisa. Kule ndaba, ithanga kufanele liqedwe ngokucophelela, lishiye cishe u-4-centimeter-long stem.
Uyazi? Njalo ngonyaka ekwindla, umkhosi uqhutshwa eJalimane ngomboniso wemifanekiso yamathambo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwethanga, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni, okungaphezu kokumboza yonke imizamo yokuyihlakulela. Futhi izinkinga zokulima zizophela uma kwenzeka ithanga, bonke bebuyisela ukuvuna okuvuthiwe nokucebile.
