Ukuvunwa okuphezulu, ukunambitheka okuhle, ukumelana nezifo - konke lokhu kuyizici ze-alvar amazambane.
Izinhlobonhlobo ziphethwe ngabalimi baseJalimane - abafowabo uFrank noWinfried Lange.
Bobabili abazalwane bafundiswa eYunivesithi yaseGiessen eFrankfurt, ngemva kwalokho bavikela izikhalazo eziphathelene nodokotela: Winfried - on phytopathology, uFrank - ngesitshalo se-biotechnology.
Lapho uzalisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-Alvar, umgomo wawuwukuthuthukisa izinhlobonhlobo ezintsha eziphakathi kokuqalaokuyinto izoba nezici ezingcono kune-Desiree yakudala.
Ngo-1975, izilimo eziyizigaxa ezimbili zomzimba zawela futhi, ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi yokukhethwa kwe-stepwise, bakhetha imifino eyodwa yezimpande ezadlula zonke izivivinyo. Ngo-1985, u-Alvar wabhaliswa kwirejista yezitshalo eJalimane.
ERussia, lokhu kuhlukahluka kuyaqhubeka njalo ngonyaka ukuthandwa okukhulu, ngenxa yokukwazi ukukhiqiza izitshalo kunoma iyiphi inhlabathi, ngisho nangenzuzo.
Alvar Amazambane: incazelo ehlukahlukene nezithombe
| Igama leBanga | Alvar |
| Izici ezijwayelekile | ezihlukahlukene ezihlukahlukene zakudala zokuzalanisa isiJalimane |
| Isikhathi sokubeletha | Izinsuku ezingu-80-90 |
| Okuqukethwe kwesitashi | 12-14% |
| Izikhulu eziyizilimo eziyizigaxa | 90-100 gr |
| Inombolo yezilimo eziyizigaxa ehlathini | 8-14 |
| Ukuthela | 295-440 c / ha |
| Ikhwalithi yabathengi | ukunambitheka okuhle |
| I-Recumbency | 90% |
| Umbala wesikhumba | i-pink |
| Umbala we-Pulp | ophuzi |
| Izifunda ezikhulayo ezikhethiwe | Northwest, North Caucasus |
| Izifo zokuphikisa | ngokulinganisela kunomphumela wokulimala okuphelile okwephuzile kweziqongo nezilimo eziyizigaxa, ukumelana nama-virus, isikhumba kanye ne-pathogen, i-golden potato nematode |
| Izici zokukhula | Kunconywa ngaphambi kokuhluma |
| Umsunguli | I-Saatzucht Fritz Lange KG (eJalimane) |
Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zakudala zivuthwa izinsuku ezingu-70 kuya kwezingu-80 emva kokutshala, azihlali phansi, okuyinto ekwazisa kakhulu abalimi nabalimi. Isihlahla side kakhulu ngamaqabunga aqinile, izimbali zibomvu, izilimo eziyizigaxa zifakwa emhlabathini ngokungacacile, ngokucubungula.
Inani lezilimo eziyizigaxa likhulu, konke kungokwesayizi ofanayo, ukulungisa isimo se-oval, amehlo amancane, angajulile. Inyama iphuzi, inambitheka enhle, inomuthi wesitashi ka-13 - 15%.
Ungaqhathanisa le nkhomba ngezinye izinhlobo usebenzisa idatha etafuleni elingezansi:
| Igama leBanga | Okuqukethwe kwesitashi |
| Alvar | 13-15% |
| I-Aurora | 13-17% |
| I-Skarb | 12-17% |
| Ryabinushka | 11-18% |
| Ubuhle | 17-19% |
| I-Zhuravinka | 14-19% |
| Lasock | 15-22% |
| Umlutha | 13-15% |
| I-Granada | 10-17% |
| Rogneda | 13-18% |
| I-Dolphin | 10-14% |
Isithombe segalari yezithombe ze-Alvar amazambane izinhlobo:
Umkhiqizo wezinhlobonhlobo ungama-470 kuya ku-540 abaphakathi kwehektare ngalinye, ukuhweba - kuze kube ngu-93%. Kuhunyushwe ngolimi lomgadi wensimu ojwayelekile, isivuno siseduze 500 kg lamazambane kusuka kwelinye isiliva.
Ezihlukahlukene eziphikisanayo cishe zonke izinhlobo zezifo namagciwane, kufaka phakathi:
- Scab.
- I-nematode yegolide.
- I-Cancer
- Alternaria
- Rhizoctoniosis.
Kulezi zimayini - ukutholakala kwamandla okulimaza okwephuzile phezulu, ingxenye engaphansi komhlaba. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ziphikisana kakhulu ne-phytophthora.
Isicelo
Amazambane inambitheka kakhulu, isetshenziselwa kokubili kokusetshenziswa nakwezinga lezimboni.
Izinhlobonhlobo ze-Alvar, ezinezilimo eziyizigaxa ezilingana nobukhulu obufanayo kanye nomumo ovuthiwe ovamile, kuhle ukwenza izinkukhu, ama-crackers. Imifino yomsuka isetshenziselwa isitashi, amazambane aphihliwe.
Ukutshala, ukukhula nokugcina
Ngaphambi kokutshala izilimo eziyizigaxa badinga ukufudumala okuncane, ubanike amandla okushisa, kodwa qinisekisa ukuthi ubude bamahlumela abuhlanyekile abudluli u-2 - 3 cm, ngaphandle kwalokho bangase baphume uma behlelwe phansi.
Imifula, ukukhanya okungcono, yenziwa kusukela eningizimu kuya enyakatho. Ibanga eliphakathi kwemigqa kufanele libe ngu-65 - 75 cm, naphakathi kwezilimo eziyizigaxa - cishe u-35 cm.
Alvar amazambane izinhlobo igcinwe kahle kakhulu, ayihlwanyeli, ayibuli futhi igcina ukunambitheka kuze kube sekuvuneni okusha. Njengoba sekuphelile, izindawo ezihlwempu zinconywa ukuba zihlonywe nge-peat, humus noma kumanyolo wamakhemikhali. Funda mayelana nokuthi uzosebenzisa kanjani umanyolo futhi nini nokuthi kufanele wenziwe nini lapho utshala, ungafunda ezihlokweni ezihlukene zesayithi lethu.
Ukuze ukhule amazambane, kubalulekile ukugcina imikhuba efanele yezolimo futhi usebenzise izithasiselo ezidingekayo ukwandisa izivuno futhi ulahle izinambuzane.Sikuqaphele izihloko zokuthi kungani kufanele sisebenzise kahle amafongicides, ukubulala ukhula kanye nezinambuzane.
Izinhlobonhlobo zenzele ngokwazo isivuno esikhulu kulo lonke elaseRussia.
I-Alvar ayesabi isomiso, isithwathwa kanye nezinguquko ezisheshayo ezimweni sezulu. Imhlabathi lapho ungatshala khona ama-alvar amazambane izinhlobo:
- umhlabathi omnyama;
- inhlabathi yobumba;
- amaqebelengwane angasolwandle kanye nemikhumbi;
- i-peat-gel;
- i-podzolic;
- i-sod-podzolic;
- i-chestnut;
- grey
- obomvu.
Ikhwalithi yalesi sikole ngu-90%. Ngekhwalithi yokugcina yezinye izinhlobo ongayibona etafuleni elingezansi:
| Igama leBanga | I-Recumbency |
| Alvar | 90% |
| Kiranda | 95% |
| Minerva | 94% |
| Juvel | 94% |
| I-Meteor | 95% |
| Umlimi | 95% |
| Timo | 96%, kodwa izilimo eziyizigaxa zikhula ngokushesha |
| Arosa | 95% |
| Spring | 93% |
| Veneta | 87% |
| Impala | 95% |
Izifo nezinambuzane
Amazambane angalimaza inqwaba yezinambuzane, kodwa isitha esikhulu babheka i-Colorado amazambane beetle.
Abantu asebekhulile babeka amaqanda emaqabunga kanye neziqu zesitshalo. Izibungu ezithandwayo ziyamukelwa ngokushesha ngenxa yokudla isihlahla. I-Colorado ye-potato beetle ingawubhubhisa isitshalo ezinsukwini ezithile ngokudla izingxenye eziluhlaza ezihlahleni emhlabathini.
Kunezindlela ezimbili zokulwa nenambuzane:
- Ukucubungula izilimo eziyizigaxa ngaphambi kokutshala kwisisombululo esikhethekile esivikela isiko izinsuku ezingu-40 - 60.
- Ukucubungula kwezinto eziqukethe ama-pesticides sekuvele kunenqubo yamazambane akhula. Uma ukhetha indlela yesibili, kuyadingeka ukuba uqhube ukucubungula ngokushesha nje lapho izibungu zifakwe.
Siphinde sinikeze ukujwayela izinto ezisetshenziswa ekusebenziseni amakhambi abantu namakhemikhali ukulwa ne-Colorado beetle. Okuvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu yilokhu:
- Aktara.
- I-Regent
- Corado.
- Ubukhosi.
Izinhlobo ze-Alvar ziphikisana nezifo nezinambuzane, zitholakala kuphela ekulimazeni okwesikhashana, futhi yonke imizamo kufanele isetshenziswe ukulwa nayo ngokulimala kwesikhathi.
I-Phytophthora yisifo esitshalo esibangelwa isikhunta esinama-parasitic, esiboniswa ukubola okubomvu.
Ukushaya lesi sifoukuhluma amazambane ngaphambi kokutshala, ukushintsha okunye ukutshala amazambane kanye nezinye izitshalo, ukuhlwanyela kunconywa.
Esimweni esihle sezulu sokukhiqiza i-phytophthora (umswakama ophezulu), ukwelashwa kufanele kwenziwe ngeyodwa yalezi zilungiselela ezilandelayo:
- I-Azocene 5%.
- I-Modex.
- I-Polycarbacin 80%.
- I-Chloroxide ithusi.
- I-Arceride engu-60%.
Udinga ukwazi ukuthi ukwelashwa kokugcina akwenziwanga ngaphambi kwezinsuku ezingu-20 ngaphambi kokuvuna.
Uma ufuna ukukhiqiza izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zakudala, okunikeza ukuvunwa okucebile kunoma iyiphi inhlabathi, ukumelana nezifo, bese ukhokha ngokukhethekile ezihlukahlukene zaseJalimane zamazambane u-Alvar. Ngenxa yezimo zezulu zaseRussia, kuhle kakhulu.
