Izihlahla zama-Walnut namuhla zikhula cishe cishe zonke izindlu. Isitshalo esingenakuzithoba asidingi ukunakekelwa okukhethekile (kunalokho, kungadala izinkinga kumnikazi wayo ngoba ikhono layo lokukhula kakhulu), nokuvunwa okucebile kwama-walnuts ewusizo kakhulu kunikeza ukutholakala kwamavithamini ebusika obude. Okuthakazelisayo, nakuba kungavamile kakhulu emaceleni ethu, okunye okunye ku-nut "ejwayelekile" kungenye ilungu lomndeni - hickory.
Uhlobo lwe-Caria (incazelo ejwayelekile)
Lo muthi ovela emndenini waseWalnut uyaziwa ngaphansi kwamagama we-hickory (hickory), i-caria, kanye ne-pecan noma i-walnut yaseMelika.. Kukholelwa ukuthi lena ingenye yezitshalo ezindala kunazo zonke emhlabeni, nge-trunk eqinile.
Izwe laseHickory liyingxenye esempumalanga yezwekazi laseNyakatho Melika. Lapha likhula namuhla, nakuba izindawo eziyinhloko zokusetshenziswa kwazo ezimbonini zikhona ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu nasenyakatho ye-United States, futhi eTexas pecan ngisho uphawu olusemthethweni lombuso.
Nokho, namuhla uCarya uye wandisa kakhulu indawo yokusabalalisa. Ikhula kahle ngempumelelo e-Asia, eCaucasus nase-Peninsula yaseCrimea. 
I-Pecan ngumuthi ode kakhulu. Ukuphakama kwalo okulinganiselwa ku-20-40 m, kodwa ama-giant ayaziwa ukuthi afinyelele kuma-65m. I-walnut yaseMelika ikhula kancane kancane: ukuze ikhule ngokugcwele, ngezinye izikhathi idinga okungenani iminyaka engamakhulu amabili, kodwa ngisho nangamakhulu amathathu eminyaka kariya ingaveza isivuno esihle kakhulu.
Sikululeka ukuthi ufunde ukuthi yiziphi izindawo eziwusizo ze-pecan.
Ngendlela, ngomlando wegama. I-"Pecan" ne "Hickory" ihlukile ngokuhlukile kwegama lesiNdiya elithi "powcohicora", ngakho-ke ama-Aborigines abiza umkhiqizo wabo ozithandayo, ayewuthanda ukudla, ukuhlukanisa izithelo ngamatshe, nokwenza imicibisholo ekhuni. "Kariya" livela esiGrekini sasendulo esithi "κάρυον", okusho ukuthi i-hazel, noma kunjalo, leli gama lisetshenziselwa ukusebenzisa ama-walnuts, hhayi kuma nati aseMelika.
Emndenini we-hickory kukhona ummeleli oyedwa ongavamile ongu-shrub. Lena karya floridskaya. Ngokuyinhloko, lo mndeni uhlanganisa izihlahla ezinomsoco ezinomsoco. Kuncike endaweni yokukhula (ehlathini noma endaweni evulekile), i-walnut yaseMelika ingenza umqhele okhulu ngendlela okwakhiwe ngayo itende noma i-ellipse, noma ilahle amagatsha aphansi, ekhuphukela phezulu ukuya elangeni.
Umgqomo we-pecan ugcwele amagxolo agqoke kahle, okuyinto eneminyaka yobudala eqala ukuqhaqhazela futhi iguqulwe njengesikhumba senyoka. Amagatsha amancane aphansi, abantu abadala - abushelelezi futhi banamandla. Amaqabunga nawo aphezulu, adululwe. Ngaphambi kokuyeka ukuphuzi. U-Hazel ushiya amahlamvu kuphela, isiqu lapho amaqabunga abamba khona, uhlala esihlahleni, ngokuvamile kuze kube sekuseni. 
Ukuqhakaza kwe-walnut yaseMelika cishe kuhambisana nokuqhakaza kwamafihlethi. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, umuthi uphonsa amacici amaningi wezingcezu ezingu-3-8 emlenzeni owodwa (ngokungafani nesikhuni, lapho amacici engashadile noma ehlanganisiwe). E-pecan, i-cross-pollination noma i-self-pollination kungenzeka, kodwa kulezi zinsuku izithelo cishe azivuthwa.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ze-caria
Kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zezinhlobo ze-hickory. Zonke zihlukaniswe zibe izingxenye ezintathu ezinkulu - Kariya, Apocaria and Annamokaria.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi i-Apocarius genus ihlanganisa izihlahla ezifanayo kakhulu ezikhula ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba.
Ososayensi baye badideka isikhathi eside ngokuthi izinhlobo ezincane ezahlukahlukene zingasetshenziswa kanjani. Konke kwacaciswa lapho kusungulwa ukuthi izigidi eziningi zeminyaka edlule, i-Asia neNyakatho Melika zazixhunyaniswe nebhuloho lomhlaba.
Funda futhi mayelana nokukhula: isikhukhula, isikhunta, isiManchu, umnyama omnyama nogrey.
Ngesikhathi sezinhlekelele zomhlaba jikelele, leli bhuloho lehlile, izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane nezitshalo (kubandakanya abameleli bomndeni waseCaria) zanyamalala emhlabeni kuze kube phakade, futhi lezo ezikwazi ukusinda zaqala ukuthuthuka ngaphandle komunye, zakha izinhlobo ezintsha.
Cabangela odumile kakhulu kubo.
Kariya Pecan noma uHickory Pecan
Umuthi ubizwa nangokuthi u-Hickory Illinois. Eqinisweni, lena yi-walnut kakhulu iMelika eyayiqala ngayo indaba ye-caria. Ikhula ngokuyinhloko e-United States, ehlanganisa cishe sonke isifunda eseningizimu kusukela eMississippi naseTexas kuya e-Iowa nase-Indiana. 
Unama-subspecies angaphezu kwekhulu namashumi amahlanu futhi ihlonishwa amaMelika angaphansi kwe-walnut yethu.
AmaYurophu nawo azama ukukhula ebuhle babo base-Illinois. Ukuhlolwa okunjalo ngokuphumelelayo okunye kwenziwa eSpain, eFrance nase-Ukraine, kodwa ukuze isihlahla sithele ngokugcwele, sidinga ukushisa okwanele kanye nehlobo elide. Kodwa-ke, ukuqina kwamahlathi ebusika kuphakeme kakhulu, ngakho-ke esimweni sezulu saseYurophu, isihlahla singakhula.
Uyazi? Ama-pecans aseMelika e-Nikitsky Botanical Garden akhula eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu. Ukuphakama kwalo kwakungamamitha angu-20, futhi i-trunk ebhinceni yafika isigamu semitha. Kodwa-ke, njengoba kwaziwa, ngaphambi kokwakhiwa kweNorth Crimean Canal (1961-1971), inhlonipho yaseCrimea yabhekana nezinkinga ezinkulu zamanzi, ngakho umswakama kuNicita wawungenakwanela ngisho nangokwama-pecan enamandla okulwa nesomiso. Ngenxa yalokho, umuthi wafa ngo-1935, futhi awuzange ufike ekuvuthweni okugcwele.
Ngakho, imfuneko esemqoka ye-Illinois hickory yisimo sezulu esishisayo esinomswakama okwanele. Kulezi zimo, isivuno se-pecan siphelela eminyakeni engamakhulu amathathu.
Amantongomane aqala ukuvuthwa phakathi kwekwindla, futhi aqhubeka eqoqa cishe ngo-Meyi wonyaka ozayo. Ukwandisa ukuzala, kuhle ukutshala izihlahla eziningana ukuze zihlinzeke nge-pollination. 
Karya uhamba
Lona omunye ummeleli waseMelika, owaziwa nangokuthi ingulube i-caria. Indawo yakubo - engxenyeni esempumalanga yeKhanada ne-United States, ogwini lwase-Atlantic. Umqhele wokulila uhlobisa umuthi okhethekile emthini, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni engezansi. Ukumelana nesomiso okungaphezu kwe-pecan yama-hickory, ngaphezu kwalokho, kungakhula emhlabathini ongenamhlabathi ngisho nasemthunzini. Ukumelana nezinso nakho kuyamangalisa: umuthi ungaphila ukushisa kwehla kuya ku -34 ° C
Kusukela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-XVIII leminyaka liye lakhulwa ngesilinganiso sezimboni. 
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezihle, umuthi ungafinyelela kumamitha angu-40 ukuphakama kanye no-1 m ku-girth yesiqu. Amagxolo asemnyama, anemifantu eminingi. Amagatsha anamnandi, umbala omnyama obomvu. Ipuleti leshidi ngaphakathi libuye libe ne-tint brownish, ngaphandle liluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Iqabunga ngokwalo likhulu (kusuka ku-15 kuya ku-18 cm ubude futhi kusuka ku-3 kuya ku-7 cm ububanzi), nge-tip epholile. Izithelo ngobude zifinyelela ku-4 cm.
I-Kariya i-oval noma i-higory shaggy
Lo mmele we-hickory ukhetha ingxenye engeningizimu-ntshonalanga yezwekazi laseNyakatho Melika. Ukuphakama akufani nokungazi lutho. Isihlahla sitholile igama layo lesibili ngenxa yamagxolo amakhulu, okulenga zonke izingqimba ezivela esihlahleni. Umbala oyinhloko wamagxolo awuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, noma kunjalo, ngokungafani nezinhlobo ezichazwe ngenhla, ezinamagxolo ashelelezi, kulezi zinhlobo ze-karya, i-bark ihlanganiswa nemifula eminingi. 
I-oval (noma i-ovoid) i-caria ibizwa ngenxa yesimo sesimo somqhele okhulu. Loluhlobo lwama-hickory amafriji ama-5 amaqabunga, ngezinye izikhathi anama-7 awo. Amaqabunga amancane agcwele ukukhanya phansi, khona-ke ayanyamalala. Amantongomane amancane kakhulu, angafika ku-6 cm. Ukuma kwesithelo kuyinto ejikelezayo, epholile kancane ezinhlangothini zombili, igobolondo likhulu kakhulu, libomvu elikhanyayo embala.
Kubalulekile! Kunezinhlobo eziningana ze-hickory shaggy, ezihlukene phakathi kwazo, kufaka phakathi ubukhulu bezithelo. Ngakho-ke, izithelo zeNuttalia kanye neCarian ash-leaved zincane kakhulu kunezinye ze-classical oval oval, kodwa amantongomane amakhulu amamitha ayisithupha nawo asekhula eCaria Galezia. Kodwa isithelo esiphundu kunawo wonke sine-hybrid ye-Caria oval ne-Kariya enempilo.
I-hickory shaggy ekuqandeni kwamaqhwa kudlula i-pecan, kodwa ilahlekile i-karii i-naked: lesi sihlahla sikwazi ukumelana nama-frost aphansi kune -25 ° C. Izidingo zokukhanyisa nazo ziphakeme kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngokudala. Uma kuqhathaniswa nommeleli wangaphambili we-walnut waseMelika, ngenxa yaloluhlobo lwe-hickory, inhlabathi idinga inhlabathi evundile.
Kodwa-ke, baseMelika baqala ukutshala i-hazel e-oval ngenhloso engaba yinkulungwane nengxenye ngaphambi kokuhamba. Ukuze kuzalwe, imbewu isetshenzisiwe, ngokungafani nokungaqali, ukuqashwa okuyimpoqo, akudingi (nakuba ukuqaliswa kwayo kokuqala kusamukelekile). 
UKariya omhlophe noma uKariya wazizwa
Omunye ummeleli we-hickory, okhulile amaMelika kusukela phakathi nekhulu le-XVIII. Isihlahla sifushane kunezinhlobo ezichazwe ngenhla, ukuphakama kwesilinganiso ngokuvamile akudluli ku-30 m. Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, ikhula ezindaweni eziseningizimu-ntshonalanga eNyakatho Melika. It has a gark emnyama grey, okuyinto, njengezinye izinhlobo ze-caria, exfoliates futhi ixhomeke ezingxenyeni. Umqhele ububanzi, isimo se-pyramidal, compact.
Igama lokuqala lichazwe umbala wamaqabunga, okwesibili - ngesakhiwo sabo: i-leaf plate iyaphaphathekile futhi ihlanganiswe phansi, okufana nokuzwa. Amagatsha ayisihlanu asetshenziswa egatsheni, kaningi kancane amaqabunga angu-7 afika ku-30 cm ubude. Ingxenye engezansi yepuleti inombala omnyama kunaphezulu.
Amantongomane amakhulu kakhulu, angaba ngu-5 cm ububanzi, kanye ne-shaggy hickory, abe nesimo esincane esicwebezelekile kanye negobolondo elibomvu elimnyama. Izithelo zalezi zinhlobo zihlukaniswa ngokunambitheka okukhulu ngokuthinta okumnandi okwehlukile. 
I-Karya yazizwa ingakwazi ukumelana nokupholisa ukufika ku-30 ° C futhi, ngokungafani ne-pecan elula, ikwazi ngokugcwele ukuthi ikhona ezimweni ze-megacity. Ngenxa yokukhuthazela kwayo, kukhule ngisho nasezindaweni eziseningizimu yeRussia njengendlela yokutshala izimbali. Enye inzuzo yalezi zinhlobo ukuthi esikhathini esizayo kunabanye abameleli be-genus, iveza amaqabunga, isikhathi eside enezela imibala evelele enemibala egolide ye-autumn yase-autumn city landscape.
U-Kariya U-Fringed noma u-Hickory Thick
Igama elilodwa laleli Melika liyaziwa - I-Big shaggy hickory. Ukhethe ingxenye engasempumalanga yezwekazi laseNyakatho Melika, futhi ukhetha ukukhula emahlathini, axutshwe kanye ne-coniferous-deciduous, eduze nomthombo wamanzi.
Ngokuhambisana nelinye lamagama, umuthi ukhulu kakhulu. Isiqu se-hickory omdala e-girth singafinyelela emitha, nokuphakama komqhele - kufike ku-40 m. Amagxolo anombala ompunga. Ukuqhaqha yonke isikwele, ixhomeke esitokisini sayo sinomphetho omude, ngakho-ke umuthi ubizwa ngokuthi unomphetho.
Amaqabunga alezi zinhlobo nawo amakhulu kunelabo abafowabo; igatsha elilodwa lingaba lihhafu lemitha ubude, amaqabunga ayisikhombisa noma ayisishiyagalolunye ama-20 cm ngamunye akhiwa kuwo. Umuthi uthola "ukuphoqa" okuthile hhayi kuphela ngenxa yezingqimba ezigciniwe zegxolo, kodwa futhi ngenxa ye-petiole, ehlala esihlahleni ngemva kokuwa kwamahlamvu 
Izithelo ze-Big Shaggy Gikari nazo zihambisana negama. I-Strong nekulu, kuze kube ngu-6 cm, banomusa omuhle kakhulu, ngenxa yokuthi baye bathola isiteketiso "inkaba yasebukhosini".
AmaMelika ayelokhu ezalisa lolu hlobo lwe-caria kungekudala nje nezinye izihlobo zalo, kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye. Lesi sitshalo sidinga kakhulu umswakama, kodwa sisakwazi ukuvumelanisa nezimo zezulu zaseYurophu, ngakho-ke kuvame ukusetshenziswa kuleli zwekazi ekuklanyeleni kwezwe.
Izithelo
Isici esiyinhloko samantongomane ama-hickory yigobolondo labo elinzima.
Uyazi? AmaNdiya aseMelika abiza ama-pecans wonke amanothi angenakuhlukaniswa ngokuhlukile kunokuba asebenzise amathuluzi afana namatshe.
Kumele kubonakale masinyane ukuthi, ngokungafani namaNdiya, izakhamuzi zaseYurophu azikazanga kahle isiko lokusebenzisa amantongomane ama-hickory ukudla. Okokuqala, lokhu kuchazwa ukuthi i-caria ngokwayo ayitheli izithelo kahle endaweni yakithi, futhi iqala ngisho nokukhiqiza isivuno esibonakalayo kungakapheli ngonyaka we-15 wokuphila. 
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, amantongomane asetshalwe ikakhulukazi ngezinhloso zokuhlobisa, futhi umsebenzi onenjongo wokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yezithelo awukwenziwanga.
Ingxenye eyinhloko ye-hickory, emele emakethe, isivuno esiqoqiwe ngabakhiqizi ezivela emithini ekhulayo, ngokuvamile umdayisi ngokwakhe akakwazi ukuchaza kahle uhlobo luni lomthengi, futhi umthengi uyawuqonda umbuzo ngisho nangaphansi. Uma sikhuluma ngesilinganiso somhlaba wonke, kuze kube namuhla nosuku 4/5 ama-hickory asetshenziswe e-United States.
Kubalulekile! Akuzona zonke izithelo ze-caria ngokuvamile ezidliwayo. Amantongomane amahle kakhulu ama-hickory anezinambitheka ezinhle kakhulu. Izithelo zikaKariya zizwakala, zinyuka, zenyakatho-Caroline, ziphaphathekile. Kodwa, isibonelo, ama-hazelnuts angenalutho awanakulungile njengento epholile - ayamunyu futhi ayinambitheki.
Izithelo ze-hickory zibukeka zifana kakhulu nama-walnuts ethu avamile. Ziphinde zishaye emaceleni amane (njengombuso), zithi, kuye ngokuthi ubudala, aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, isikhumba esibomvu noma esibomvu esibomvu nomngcele omncane phezulu.
Ubukhulu bekhanda le-hickory, ngokuphambene nemibono yamaNdiya, akusiyo yonke into ebanzi: kwezinye izinhlobo zezinhlobo zezilwane, akudluli u-2 mm, kuyilapho kwezinye, empeleni, sekucishe zibe ngu-cm. Ubungako bokusanhlamvu bungabuye buhluke: kusuka ku-1.5 cm (njengama-hazelnuts) kuya ku-6.5 cm (njenge-walnut enkulu). 
AmaMelika ayajabula ukudla izithelo zezinhlobo ezithile ze-hickory, futhi amafutha anosawoti ayenziwe kuwo agcwele amafutha omnqumo. Ukunambitheka kwamantongomane kuhlanganiswe ngokuphelele nelayisi, inhlanzi nama-mushroom.
Izithelo zikaKariya zinama-calories amaningi (691 kcal ngamagremu angu-100), kodwa aqukethe isethi ephelele yamavithamini nama-microelements: i-beta-carotene, i-thiamine, i-riboflavin, i-niacin, i-pantothenic acid, i-pyridoxine, i-folic acid ne-ascorbic acid, i-tocopherol, i-phylloquinone, i-choline, futhi futhi i-potassium, i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-sodium ne-phosphorus, yiyo, naphezu kokuncane kakhulu, insimbi, manganese, ithusi, selenium, i-zinc kanye ne-fluorine. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinambithi ziqukethe amafutha amaningi, ama-tanins, ama-phytosterol.
Kusobala ukuthi umkhiqizo onjalo unempahla eminingi ewusizo. Bathuthukisa umkhawulo we-antioxidant, ususe i-cholesterol "embi" emzimbeni, uthuthukise uhlelo lwe-cardiovascular.
Amantongomane - isici esibalulekile kunoma yikuphi ukudla okunempilo nokuphilile. Thola ukuthi yini ewusizo: ama-walnuts abesilisa nabesifazane, amantongomane aseBrazil, amantongomane aseManchurian, amantongomane angama-pin, ama-cashews, ama-hazelnuts, ama-alimondi, amantongomane, ama-pistachios, amantongomnyama amnyama, ama nati ka-macadamia kanye namanki.
Ukungalungi okuyinhloko kwamantongomane ama-hickory kuyinto ephezulu ye-allergenicity. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwekhalori nenani elikhulu lezici eziphilayo ezisebenzayo zalo mkhiqizo azikwazi ukuhlukunyezwa: ukusebenzisa okungaphezulu kuka-100 g ngesikhathi kungabangela ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kokugaya ukudla.
Izinkuni
I-Caria wood is appreciated, mhlawumbe, ephakeme kakhulu kunezithelo zayo.
Izinkuni ze-hickory zinezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ezibomvu (okungamangalisi, ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobonhlobo ze-caria), nakuba kude nezwekazi laseMelika ungathola kuphela izinketho ezimbili zombala - ezimhlophe noma ezibomvu). Ihlale ihlukaniswa amandla amakhulu kakhulu.
Uyazi? Ngisho nabanqobi bokuqala beWild West babona ukuthi abantu abaningi baseMelika babekhuni izinkuni futhi baqala ukwenza amasondo avela kuwo ngezinqola zabo. Ngokuthakazelisayo, indiza yokuqala emhlabeni, ngokusho kwemithombo ethile, nayo yakhiwa kusukela e-caria, nakuba, ngokusho kweminye imithombo, abazalwane bakaWright basebesisebenzisa i-spruce ekuqalisweni kwabo.
Ngalesi sibonakaliso, lesi sihlahla sidlula ngisho nomlotha omthandayo othandwa abaningi. I-Kariya inzima futhi isindayo, kodwa ilokhu ibekezelela i-flexion kahle.
Izinhlangothi ezingalungile zalokhu kubandakanya ukunamathela okuncane, kanye nobunzima bokucubungula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkuni ziyancipha kakhulu. Kodwa ukucubungula processing caria - injabulo. Iphoswe ngokuphawulekayo futhi ifakwe kahle kakhulu, ngaphezu kwalokho, ingaba ne-bleached ngaphandle kokwesaba. 
Ngenxa yalezi zakhiwo, i-walnut yaseMelika isetshenziselwa kakhulu ukwakha ifenisha, ipareti, iminyango, izinyathelo nezitebhisi. Phakathi kwemisebenzi encane, le nto isetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwezibambiso zezinsimbi ezihlukahlukene, imishini yezemidlalo ngisho ... izidakamizwa. Lolu hlobo lwezinkuni lungatholakala njalo kuthengiswa, futhi amanani ayo angabizi kahle.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukunambitheka okumnandi kwe-hickory kuye kwaphawulwa isikhathi eside ngokupheka kwawo wonke amazwe: bavame ukusebenzisa ama-sawdust nama-American walnut chips lapho benza izitsha kwi-grill, ngenxa yale nyama eyimfihlakalo, inhlanzi nemifino bazuza iphunga eliyingqayizivele elimnandi lomusi omuhle.
Uyazi? Amaphesenti amabili nengxenye yezinkuni asetshenziswe embonini e-United States of America yi-hazelnut.
Isibindi saseMelika singakaze siphumelele eYurophu, nakuba ezinye zezinhlobo zayo sezikhulile ngempumelelo ngenye ingxenye yayo.
Akungabazeki ukuthi masinyane kufanele silindele ukuthi amantongomane angama-hickory azocindezela ngokujulile izihlobo zazo zoguqu ezibhebheni zethu, kunezizathu ezinengqondo zalokhu.
Impendulo evela kubasebenzisi benethiwekhi
Kodwa izindawo zokuhlobisa zesitshalo kanye nekhwalithi lezinkuni ngokugcwele kufanele zibheke ngokucophelela kusukela kokubili ochwepheshe bezwe design design kanye nabasebenzi bezemisebenzi yezitshalo.
