Ngisho nabalimi be-novice bayazi ukuthi ukukhula okusha okuye kwavela ezitshalweni noma ezitshalweni ze-ornamental, ukuphawula kanye nanoma yiziphi ezinye iziphambeko zemvelaphi engeyona imishini kubonisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo. Indlela yokubona izifo eziphilayo eziqhubekayo futhi ngokukhetha kahle indlela yokulwa nazo, sizobe sitshela ngokuqhubekayo kulesi sihloko ngencazelo eningiliziwe yegama nesithombe sezifo ezivame kakhulu zezihlahla.
Amakhowe we-Phytopathogenic
Njengoba belahlekelwe ukuthambekela kwe-photosynthesis, laba abamele abangaphelele bemifino ephansi bayondla kwezinye izitshalo. Izinhlamvu zazo ziyizinto eziphilayo ezingenayo noma ezihlukahlukene ngezici zezitshalo nezilwane.
Uyazi? Ngonyaka, umuthi ngamunye uveza cishe u-113 kg we-oxygen. Ngokusho kososayensi, izitshalo ezimbili ezivuthiwe ziyoba ngokwanele ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zonyaka emoyeni ohlanzekile womndeni wezingane ezine.I-fungus ingena kulelo trunk ngokuqhekeka emagqumeni futhi ikhula lapho, ingene phakathi kwezinkuni. Ngokwemvelo, kusukela kumakhelwane onjalo onobuhlungu, umnikazi uyagula futhi uyafa. Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba i-mushroom engenawo i-chlorophyll incela zonke izinto ezivela emthini.
Umsebenzi obalulekile we-fungus phytopathogenic ubonakala esimweni sesiko lesithelo. Kuye ngesilonda, izimpande, iziqu, noma ukubola komlomo kungase kuqale esihlahleni. Kanti futhi, ukutheleleka kungabonakaliswa emaqabungeni namafihlethi ngendlela yokubala, izilonda noma ukuma kwezinto ezihlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbala walezi zindawo uhluka kusuka obomvu-brown kuya black. 
Isici sesici salokhu kuphila yilona ikhono lokukhula ngokwemvelo. Kodwa ayikho indlela yokusabalalisa ngeke isebenze ngaphandle kokubamba umswakama. Kuyinqwaba yayo eyenza ukuthuthukiswa okunamandla kokutheleleka. Ngakho-ke, kusukela ezifweni eziningi ezifisa izihlahla zezithelo zingavunyelwa ukukhishwa kwenhlabathi efanele.
Kubalulekile! Uma uthenga amakhemikhali, qiniseka ukuthi unakekele ukutholakala kwama hologram agunyaziwe emaphaketheni, kanye nemiyalelo yokusetshenziswa. Lezi yizibonakaliso zokuqala zezimpahla zangempela.Cabanga ngezifo ezithandwayo zemithi yezithelo ene incazelo nesithombe, futhi uhlaziye nezindlela zokwelashwa kwazo:
- I-Anthracnose - ivela ezimweni zobumanzi nokushisa. Iyakhuthazwa yizinhlobonhlobo zefungi ye-phytopathogenic, kufaka phakathi amalungu ohlobo lwe-Colletotrichum. Kubonakala phezu kwesiqu, amagatsha kanye namaqabunga ezithelo zezitshalo ngendlela yezilonda ezimnyama ezinemiphetho ecacile. Njengoba zikhula, zihamba ngokubanzi futhi zijulile, zakha izindawo eziqinile ze-necrotic.
- Monilioz - kubonakala njengomphumela womsebenzi obalulekile we-ascomycetes. Ukuthuthukiswa kwabo kunomthelela ekushiseni okuphezulu kanye nomswakama. Ungaqonda ukuthuthukiswa kwesifungi ngokubonakala ngokungazelelwe kombala obomvu nokomiswa kweziqu. Okokuqala, amahlumela wonyaka ajwayele ukutheleleka. Njengomthetho, izindawo ezinombala ezibomvu zibonakala kubo, futhi izithelo ezinegciwane elifakwe ku-fungus zine-aftertaste engavamile yodakwa.
- Scab - yisongo esikhulu kunazo zonke izitshalo nezithelo zeberry. Ihambisana nefungi efaka amaqabunga amahlumela amancane futhi asakaze kuzo zonke izingxenye zezindiza zezihlahla nezihlahla. Isibonakaliso esicacile saleso sifo yi-plaque eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka elidlula emaqabunga ukuya esiqhingini.
- Idonsa likaMealy - ebonakala ngokuqhakaza okukhanyayo emaqabeni namagatsha amancane. Ezimweni ezithuthukisiwe, kubangela ukuvinjelwa kwamapuleti amaqabunga, ukuwa kwawo kokuqala nokusabalalisa. Izithelo ezithintekile zithola i-pubescence engavamile. Abaningi bamapulazi abasebenzisa i-novice bayithatha uthuli. Izimbangela eziyinhloko ze-pathogens yi-ventilation embi, izinga lokushisa eliphansi kanye nomswakama ophezulu.
- Phenduka - ingaba mnyama, isikhunta noma izithelo. Kunoma yikuphi, ama-pathogens ayo ayinambuzane eyingozi, eyasakazwa yizinambuzane namanzi emvula. Ukufika esihlahleni, bangena phakathi kwesithelo futhi baqhubeke beqhubeka nabo ngisho nangemva kokuvuna.
Funda ngokulawula isikhala ngamapheya, ama-apula, amazambane.
Zijwayele indlela yokubhekana ne-powdery isikhutha ku-apula, ukhukhamba, utamatisi, i-petunias, izitsha zendlu, ama-currants, ama-roses, ama-violets, amagilebhisi.
Uyazi? Isihlahla esidala emhlabeni wonke sikhula eCalifornia National Park. Izakhamuzi zibiza ngokuthi "uNkulunkulu Ongunaphakade." Ngokusho kososayensi, sekuyiminyaka engaba ngu-12 000 ubudala. Iphinde ihlale emhlabeni omkhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, osekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwengu-2 000 ubudala. Ukuphakama kwalesi sikhumba - Amamitha angu-112, futhi ububanzi be-trunk cishe ngamamitha angu-9.Ukuvimbela izifo ze-fungal zezihlahla zezithelo kanye nesigaba sokuqala sokwelapha, kubalulekile ukulawula ubuningi bomswakama kumibuthano ye-pristvolnyh yezihlahla zegadi. Ungawagcini, ngoba izenzo ezinjalo ziphela ngokuhluleka. Ekuqaleni kwezimpawu zokuthuthukiswa kwezifo ezifuywayo, ngokushesha ususe yonke indawo ethintekile bese ushisa.
Bese uhlanza isihlahla ngamalungiselelo e-fungicidal (Aliett, i-Antrakol, i-Consento, i-Skor, i-Previkur Energy, i-Mei DUO, ne-Teldor). Lungisa isisombululo sokusebenza ngokulandela izincomo zabakhiqizi, futhi ungakhohlwa ukucabangela isikhathi esamukelekayo sezokwelapha ngaphambi kokuvuna. Ukufafaza okuphinda kunconywe ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingu-15-30. 
Ukuvimbela ukutheleleka kwe-fungal, ochwepheshe bayeluleka zonke izintwasahlobo ukuba zifake izihlahla zezithelo ngesisombululo esisodwa sephesenti sulfal sulfate.
Amabhaktheriya
Ama-bacterium, njengezifungi eziningi, angama-microorganisms angama-nonicellular ngaphandle kwe-chlorophyll. Ngakho-ke, ukudla kwabo kubangelwa amasiko agciwane. Ama-causative agents of bacterial diseases angena ezimila ngokusebenzisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokulimala komshini kulezi zihlahla kanye namahlamvu.
Yingakho ochwepheshe bephikelela ekufakeni i-disinfecting yokusungula nokuphathwa ngokucophelela kwezigaba emva kokusika izihlahla. Izimila ezinokutheleleka ngokuphelele kwezicubu azikwazi ukushaya.
Uyazi? Amanye amabhaktheriya akhuthazelela kalula ama-frost aqinile futhi angabusika ngaphezu kwezinkathi eziningana. Ehlobo, emazingeni okushisa ngenhla +25° ะก kanye nomswakama ophezulu, ukukhiqiza kwabo kwanda kakhulu.Ezimweni nasezinhlotsheni zamaberry, amabhaktheriya avame ukuzibonakalisa njenge-sulphur and wet rot, necrosis, kanye nezifo ezimbi kakhulu - ukushisa amabhaktheriya.
Abathwali bezindiza bangabagadile abantu, umoya, isichotho nezinambuzane. Kuyafaneleka ukucabangela: Umanyolo owedlula kaningi uvame ukungena ekutheni amandla amasiko akwehlise, okwenza kube lula kuzo zonke izifo. Umphumela ofanayo uvela lapho izihlahla zingakhulumi.Ama-bacteria avame ukuhlasela ama-apula, amapheya, amapreaches, ama-apricot, ama-cherry, ama-cherry nama-plums. Njengoba kunezibonelo zama-apula nama-pears ezizwela kakhulu kuzo zonke izitshalo zezithelo, cabanga ngezithombe nezimpawu zezifo ezivamile, kanye nezindlela zokulwa nazo:
- Ukushisa amabhaktheriya - ingenye yezifo ezibi kakhulu ezibangelwa yizinyunyana ze-micro-organisms Erwinia amylovora Winslow et al. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo obalulekile, i-exudate emhlophe ikhishwa ezindaweni ezikhungethwe amagxolo. Umoya uwuthatha ube yiwebhu encane, ayithwale ngaphesheya kwensimu nangaphezulu. Ezihlahleni, lesi sifo kuqala sithinta ama-inflorescences apical, bese amahlamvu, amahlumela amancane namagxolo. Ungakwazi ukuphawula inkinga kumafihlethi amnyama futhi aphelile angaphumeleli. Isithombe esifanayo sibonakala ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa kwesitshalo. Abomnyama abaphezulu ekuqaleni, bese benta. Kulesi simo, isitshalo singasizwa kuphela ngokususa amagatsha athintekile. Kumele usheshe wazise ukuvikeleka kwesitshalo sakho kanye neziphathimandla zokuhlukanisa ngezikhalazo zakho mayelana nezimpawu zokushisa amabhaktheriya.
- Bacteriosis - Kubonakala sengathi ifile futhi yaqhekeka izindawo zamagxolo, kanye nokuvuza okungajulile emaqabunga nasemagqabhagqabeni ezithelo. Njengoba lesi sifo sithuthuka, amagxolo awela, amagatsha afa, futhi ukufihla okuqhubekayo kulandela ukusukela ekutheleleni.
Kubalulekile! Ukuvimbela izifo zebhaktheriya zezitshalo nezitshalo zeberry, thatha izinyathelo ezifika ngesikhathi ukulwa nezinambuzane eziyingozi. Amabhaktheriya bangabangane abathembekile bama-spider, ama-thrips nama-aphid. Ungabasusa ngosizo lwezinambuzane (i-Bi-58. Entsha, i-Aktara, i-Aktellik).Ukungaziphathi kwezifo zebhaktheriya kungenxa yokuthi i-agrochemistry ayinamandla okulwa nabo. Izindlela zokuphela komzabalazo ukukhipha izindawo ezithintekile. Ochwepheshe bacebisa ukusika amagatsha nge foci kuze kube phansi futhi qiniseka ukugubha phezu ukusikeka nge garden pitch noma upende. Ngaphandle kwalokho kufanele utshani obukhula nxazonke zezihlahla ezigulayo luphonswe emgqonyeni we-compost.
Noma yini engase ithwale ingozi kufanele ishiswe kude nensimu. Futhi, ungakhohlwa ukukhula ukhula ukhula futhi ususe amahlamvu awile.
Viral
Ama-causative agents of this group of diseases yizinkanyezi ezincane ezingenasakhiwo samaselula. Zisakazwa ngokuncelisa izilokazane, ukungena ezifweni zomzimba kanye nemithambo yegazi. Uma ungaphakathi, ama-virus aqala ukuphazamisa. Ngenxa yalokho, izihlahla azinikezi ukukhula, zithuthuke kabi futhi zibhekiswe ekukhiqizeni okubi.
Kubalulekile! Okudingekayo ukutheleleka ngegciwane ngamagciwane akhiwa ngesikhathi sezulu, isivunguvungu nesichotho. Ezimweni ezinjalo, kubalulekile ukukhipha amagciwane ngamanzi ezindaweni ezithintekile futhi uphathe nge-pitch pitch.
Izimpawu zezifo zihluke kakhulu kuye ngokuthi i-viral group, izici zofuzo zesitshalo, uhlobo lwayo kanye nokuhlukahluka. Isibonelo, amaqabunga ezihlahla ezithelelekile anganciphisa, alulaze, ashintshe isimo nesakhiwo. Ngokuvamile bane-streaking ebonakalayo ephuzi noma i-spotting.Ngezinye izikhathi ukulandelana okungafani kungena emagumbini ama-inflorescences. Izisusa ezivela ekuthuthukiseni amagciwane zingabonwa kuma-bulbs, rhizome, amahlumela nezithelo.
Abaningi balimi kufanele balingane nalokhu:
- UMose - zibonakalisa ngezindlela ezehlukene, kuye ngokuthi yikuphi uhlobo nemvelo yangaphandle. Ezimweni eziningi, izindawo eziphambene nomlingisi we-chloride ongafanelwe zivele emahlamvu. Ngezifo ezinzima kwi-gark nezithelo zezitshalo ze-necrotic zibonakala.
- Isitshalo sezinkuni - ebonakala ngemifula emide etsheni endaweni yokuhluma. Ungabona lesi siphene ngokususa ingxenye ye-cortex. Ngokwezibonakaliso zangaphandle, isilwane esinezifo sithuthuka kabi futhi asikwenyuka. I-agent ye causative yalesi sifo ayisungulwa. I-Apple, i-pear, i-quince isondelene nalesi sifo.
- Ama-panicles - limelela ukukhula emagatsheni emithi njengama-panicles. Bahlakulela ngenxa yokusungulwa kwama-baconic in the fibers fibers. Ngenxa yalokho, kukhona ukwephulwa kwezinqubo ze-metabolic, ukugeleza kosawoti kanye namasiko kancane kancane afe. Phakathi kwezimbangela zezobuchwepheshe zibiza ukungabi namsoco emhlabathini, i-aeration encane, ukukhanyisa. Ukungaziwa kwalesi sifo esingafaki isifo sokungakwazi ukudluliselwa ezitshalweni ezinempilo.
Kubalulekile! Ama-dahlias, ama-primroses nama-delphinium akufanele atshalwe eduze kwezihlahla zezithelo, njengoba lezi zitshalo ezihlobisa zizwela kakhulu kwizifo ezibangelwa amagciwane.Izifo zaleli qembu zinzima kakhulu ukuphatha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, azikho amakhemikhali antiviral akhethekile. Ezimweni eziningi, izindawo ezithintekayo zisuswe ezihlolweni ezihlosiwe, zilandelwa ukungahlanjululwa kwezigaba. Futhi ezimweni ezithuthukile, izihlahla zingaphansi kokubhujiswa okuphelele.
Ukuze i-prophylaxis, abalimi abanolwazi bayelulekwa ukuba balandele izinga lokuhlanzeka kwensimu. Susa ukhula, uvimbele ukuthuthukiswa kwamakoloni ezinambuzane nezintuthwane, ngokuphumelelayo wenze ukudla. Ungaphazamisi ama-immunoassays.I-Cancer
Leli qembu lama-botanist liqukethe izifo ezibhekiswe ekuthuthukiseni ukukhula kwezicubu. Zakhiwe ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli okungalungile esakhiweni sokugaya ama-gutting, ukuphahlazeka nezinye izilonda ezizungezwe ama-surges. Izakhiwo ezinjalo zingathinta izimpande, iziqu namagatsha.
Izizathu zokwakheka kwazo, ochwepheshe abaningi babiza isikhunta, ama-bacteria, izinguquko zokushisa okungazelelwe, kanye nokulimala komshini.
Kubalulekile! Ochwepheshe abacebisi ukuthatha izicucu zokuzalanisa izitshalo zezithelo-berry ezigula ngomdlavuza. Lokhu kusebenza ngisho nasezibonisweni eziphulukisiwe. Iqiniso liwukuthi lesi sifo sihlala ezingeni lezakhi zofuzo futhi singazibonakalisa phakathi neminyaka.Phakathi kwezifo eziyingozi kakhulu nezivame kakhulu zezithelo zezitshalo, ochwepheshe bathi:
- Umdlavuza omnyama - Kubonakala njengomphumela womsebenzi obalulekile we-fungus Sphaeropsis malorum, echaphazela amaqabunga, izithelo namagxolo. Lesi sifo siqala ngokubonakala okubomvu emaqabungeni amaqabunga, avela ngokushesha ngemuva kokudalulwa kwawo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amaphuzu asundu, akhule futhi athuthe isithelo. Amahlamvu othintekayo awela phansi ngaphambi kwesikhathi, futhi umuthi uveza isivuno esincane futhi esimpofu. Isongo esithile yisifo se-apula asekhulile namapheya.
- Umdlavuza womsuka (zobovatost) - ikhuthazwa umonakalo owenziwe ngomshini emithini yezithelo izitshalo. Njengoba bezitholile ezakhiweni zendwangu, amabhaktheriya e-pathogenic aqala ukuthuthukisa futhi athuthele ohlelweni lwempande. Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezakhi, izitshalo ziyafa.
- Umdlavuza ovamile - kusatshalaliswa esiqwini, amagatsha emasipha kanye namahlumela okulandelana kwesibili. Ngokuvamile uya esithelweni. Ichazwa ngesimo sezilonda ezingelapheki.
- Umdlavuza we-Frost - kuvela emifantu eyakhiwe ngesikhathi sokubusika emagqabeni, ngokuvamile iqhutshwa ihambisana ne-trunk rot.
Kubalulekile! Izitshalo ezincane zezithelo zomuthi zingamelana nomdlavuza kunezibonelo ezivuthiwe.Kunengqondo ngempela ukuphulukisa isihlahla somdlavuza, okwenziwe ukusabela okusheshayo kwenziwa ezinyathelweni zokuqala zesifo. Okokuqala, udinga ukususa amagatsha asithintekile nezithelo zokubeka.
Ukusika ngamunye kumele kufakwe ngaphezu kwamamentimitha ambalwa enkuni ephilayo. Lokhu kuzovimbela ukubuyela emuva. Ekupheleni kwenqubo, kuyadingeka ukuphatha wonke amanxeba ngesisombululo se-3% sethusi sulfate.
Khona-ke qiniseka ukuthi uhlanza izilonda zomdlavuza futhi uvale umgodi. Njalo entwasahlobo nasekwindla kubalulekile ukukhipha imishanguzo emithonjeni yamasiko athintekayo nge-lime.
Necrotic
Ukuthuthukiswa kwalezi zifo kubangele ezimweni ezimbi zezulu. Ngokuvamile kuyisomiso eside kanye namaqhwa amakhulu. Emzabalazweni wokusinda, isihlahla esibuthakathaka asikwazi ukulwa nokuhlaselwa kwezifo eziphilayo. Ngokuvamile, i-necrosis iphinde ijoyine ukutheleleka kwe-bacterial and virus. Izimpawu zabo zingenzeka ezinhlokweni ezihlukahlukene zezicubu ze-trunk: amagxolo, ama-bast, ama-cambium. 
Amanxeba amaningi futhi ajulile avulekile ezindaweni ezithintekile zokhuni, okuyinto ephazamisa isimo jikelele sesitshalo. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwalesi sifo kuya ekufeni kwakhe kungathatha iminyaka eminingana.
Uyazi? EFrance, i-oak millennial oak engavamile kakhulu ikhula. Kodwa imfihlakalo yakhe ayikho nhlobo eminyakeni, kodwa ezihlokweni ezimbili zenziwa ngaphakathi. Ungafinyelela lezi zidalwa zemvelo nge-staircase yokuvunguza ejikeleza isiqu esidala.Abasimili bevame ukuhlangana necrosis elandelayo:
- I-Nectrium - Amagciwane akhe ama microorganisms Tubercularia vulgaris Tode.
- I-Cytosporosis - okubangelwa ukubukeka kwesifungi se-gento Cytospora.
- Clitris - ishukunyiswa yizinto eziphilayo ezincane kakhulu uChithis guercina Rehm.
Amathuba okusindisa amawadi aluhlaza asekhona. Ukuze wenze lokhu, susa zonke izindawo ezilimazekile, uma kunesidingo, unqume amagatsha omzimba okhubazekile. Emva kwalokhu kuqhutshwa, izigaba zinconywa ukuba zingenwe yi-disinfected nganoma yiziphi izidakamizwa ezilandelayo: Benlat, Bayleton, oxychloride yethusi, Fundazol, Topsin. Ngeke kube yinto engafanele ukufafaza wonke umqhele nge-fungicides.
Sithemba ukuthi lolu lwazi mayelana nezifo ezivamile ze-plums, ama-apula, amapheya, izithelo zamatshe, kanye nezithombe ezingenhla kuzokusiza uqaphele ukuthi izifo ezihlasela kuzo zikhetha izindlela zokwelapha ezifanele. Ungakhohlwa ukuthi ukuvimbela okufanele kunazo zonke amasu wezolimo afanelekayo.
