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Imfuyo

Uhlobo lwesiSwidi lwezinkomo

Imfuyo yaseSweden iyimpawu lapho abalimi abaningi bezama ukulinganisa khona. Nakuba engxenyeni esenyakatho-ntshonalanga yezwe isimo sezulu sinzima kakhulu (izinga lokushisa elivamile ebusika yi--17 ° C, ehlobo + 10 ° C) futhi i-flora ayimpofu, lonke i-Sweden lifudumele, futhi i-flora ikhona ecebile kakhulu.

Kulezi zifunda (izingxenye eziphakathi nendawo eningizimu-mpumalanga yezwe) ukuthi izinhlanga ezidumile zezinkomo zeSweden ziyadalwa.

Izimpawu zezinhlobo eziyinhloko zezinkomo eSweden

Zonke izinhlobo zezinkomo, ezizoxoxwa ngazo, aziwazi nje kuphela eSweden, kodwa futhi zikwazi ukude kakhulu nemingcele yayo. Futhi ezinye, ezifana ne-Herefords, zazivame ukuqhutshwa kwamanye amazwe (lapha i-Hereford igama lesifunda sase-England lapho kuvela khona lolu hlobo).

Kodwa ngenxa yabalimi baseSweden, abalimi bemfuyo kanye nososayensi ukuthi lezi zilwane ziye zamukelwa emhlabeni jikelele.

I-Hereford

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezilwane zase-Hereford:

  • ngaphansi;
  • okuphakathi;
  • esikhulu.

Ukubukeka kwamagceke lapha kuhambisana nendawo ejwayelekile yezinhlobo zenyama:

  1. Ukukhula: inkunzi ikhula, ngokulingana, ibe ngu-135 cm lapho ibuna, inkomo - kufika ku-125 cm.
  2. Imisa: izinkomo zilinganiselwa ku-900 kg (kunezimo lapho isisindo senkomo sifinyelela ku-1250 kg), izinkomo - cishe 640-860 kg.
  3. Amathole aseMisa ekuzalweni: Amathole enkomo azalwa, enesisindo esinganiselwa ku-35 kg, amaphuphu - 26-32 kg.
  4. Ivolumu yesisu: enkomeni, isifuba singafinyelela ku-215 cm ngokubhinca, kwenkomo - 195 cm.
  5. Inhloko: usayizi omncane, intamo eqinile futhi emfushane.
  6. I-Torso: ihlanganiswe ngokuqinile, ngokucacile imelela ukuthunga.
  7. Umzimba: i-compact.
  8. Amacici: ukukhanya okukhanyayo, okuphuzi okwesibhakabhaka, okuphelile.
  9. Isifuba namahlombe: eqinile.
  10. Emuva: eqondile, flat, nge-developed sloping ngemuva.
  11. Imigqa: eqinile, emfushane.
  12. Isimo: ahluke ngobukhulu obukhulu.

Uyazi? Inkunzi ye-Danube yohlobo lwaseHereford, esifundeni saseChelyabinsk, iyona emele kunazo zonke izinhlobo zohlobo lwaseRussia. Isisindo salo ngu-1250 kg.

Uboya obufushane obomvu bukhulu futhi bude, obangela ukuzalana kwalolu hlobo ngaphansi kwezimo zamazinga okushisa aphansi ebusika. Ngoba lezi zinkomo zibhekene nombala obomvu obomvu. I-sternum, isisu, isicu somsila - mhlophe. Ngezinye izikhathi umgqa omhlophe uwela emuva kwenkomo.

Uma kwenzeka omunye wabazali enenhloko emhlophe, le mfanelo izuzwe njengefa. Ukukhiqizwa:

  • Ukukhiqizwa kobisi. Lolu hlobo luwuhlobo lwezinhlobo zokukhiqiza inyama, ngenxa yalesi sizathu uketshezi lwabo lobisi luncane kakhulu - alukho ngaphezu kuka-1200 kg ngonyaka. Ubisi kuphela okwanele ukondla amathole.
  • Amafutha omuncu. Lesi sibalo siseduze no-4%.
  • Precocity. Ukubeletha kungokwesithelo sokuvuthwa. Nakuba umsebenzi wokwandisa ukulungiswa kwesikhashana kwenziwa, abazange banikele umphumela obonakalayo.
  • Ukukhulelwa. Izilwane zilungele ukushada ngeminyaka engaba ngu-2-2.5. Eminyakeni engaba ngu-3 ubudala, izinkomo ziletha inzalo yabo yokuqala.
  • Ukuphuma ekuhlatshweni. Lesi sibalo singu-62-70%.
  • Inzuzo yesisindo. Izilwane zalolu hlobo zinezilinganiso eziphezulu kakhulu zokuzuza isisindo / inani lokudla. Ngokuqukethwe okulungile, nsuku zonke inkunzi iba nzima kakhulu nge 1.5 kg, isithole - ngo-1.25 kg. Ngeminyaka engu-2, inkunzi inesisindo esingaphezu kuka-800 kg, futhi ithole lilinganisa ngaphezu kuka-650 kg.

Izinkomo zaseNetherford zihlala, ngokwesilinganiso, kuze kube ngu-18. Ngenxa yokwakhiwa okuqinile namancane amathole, izinkomo ziyakhathalelwa kalula, futhi ngokuvamile akudingeki ukuba kungenele ochwepheshe. Isiza somzali sithuthukile kakhulu - izinkomo zizungezile amathole amasha ngokunakekelwa nokunakekelwa, ungavumeli amanye amathole ekudleni.

Kubalulekile! Uma ufuna ukuthola inzalo enempilo enhle evela ku-Herefords, kufanele ubale isikhathi sokukhulelwa kwenkomo ngendlela yokuthi i-calving iwela engxenyeni yokuqala ka-Mashi.

Njengoba isidingo sezinyama ezinamafutha siwa, futhi sikhula emanzini ahlanzekile, ukudla okunamafutha okusheshayo manje kwenziwa kancane kancane. Abalimi bakhetha ukukhulisa izilwane isikhathi eside futhi bakondla ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-fiber, okunokuqukethwe kwekhalori ephansi. Uhlobo lungcono kunabanye abaningi ngokuthola inyama yenkomo.

Ama-Herefords ashintshwe kahle kunoma yiziphi izimo zezulu, aphilile, cishe angaguli, ngisho nalapho egcinwe ngaphandle. Isimo esiyinhloko sokulondoloza impilo enhle yesilwane kudla kahle ngokulinganisela. Kulesi simo, bangakwazi ukubekezelela iqhwa ngokuvamile -30 ° C.

Ngomsoco ompofu, inzuzo yesisindo iwela izikhathi ezingu-2, isilwane asibekezelele. ERussia, e-Ukraine naseBelarus, kuhle ukuba ukondle i-Herefords isebenzisa indlela ehlanganisiwe: ehlobo emadlelweni, ebusika - isiliva, hay kanye nefolda exubekile.

Golshtinsky

I-Holstein yizona ezidume kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Iningi lalezi zilwane zinomnyama nombala we-motley, ngokuvamile kaningi kunezibomvu-motley. Kuze kube ngu-1971, abanikazi bombala obomvu-motley babhekwa njengokuba bangahlangabezane nezindinganiso, kodwa emva kwalolo suku babhaliswa kuhlobo oluhlukile.

Imikhiqizo yobisi yezinkomo ibuye ifake njengebala laseLatvia, i-red steppe, i Jersey, i-Ayrshire, i-Yaroslavl.

Ukubukeka kwe-Holsteins:

  1. Ukukhula: inkunzi ekhulile ikhula kuze kube ngu-160 cm, inkomo - kufika ku-145 cm.
  2. Isisindo: inqwaba yenkomo endala ifinyelela ku-1200 kg, kwezinye izimo ingafinyelela ku-1500 kg. Umzimba ulinganisa u-700-750 kg. Kube khona amacala uma amakhophu ehliswa kuze kube ngu-900 kg nokuningi.
  3. Amathole aseMisa ekuzalweni: Inkunzi esanda kuzalwa inesisindo esingama-35-43 kg, ubukhulu besithole buyi-32-37 kg.
  4. Yakha: umzimba ohlotshiswe emgqeni, ibhande lehlombe lide futhi libanzi, ingxenye ye-lumbar iqhutshwe kahle.
  5. Isimo: ezinkulu, ezinezimvini ezihlukaniswe ngokucacile, ezigxilwe odongeni lwe-peritoneum.

Ukukhiqizwa:

  1. Precocity. Ubudala obugcwele buyeza kahle kakhulu. Ama-bull-calves, angafanelanga ukuzalana okuqhubekayo, athunyelwa ekuhlatshweni cishe ngonyaka ongu-1. Ngalesi sikhathi, isisindo sabo sifinyelela ku-700-750 kg.
  2. Amafutha omuncu. Lesi sibalo sifinyelela ku-3.1-3.8%.
  3. Amaphrotheni. Emikhiweni yobisi etholakala eHolstein, okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni kungu-3-3.2%.
  4. Ukuphuma ekuhlatshweni. Lesi sibalo siphansi, cishe ngu-55%. Kodwa lokhu akumangazi, injongo eyinhloko yohlobo ukukhiqizwa ubisi. Izilwane zithola isisindo ngokushesha, kanti nakuba kungekho inyama eningi emilanjeni, ibaluleke kakhulu ukunambitheka kwayo okuhle nokuntuleka kwamafutha.

Uyazi? Ingxenye yobisi oluphelele olukhiqizwa eSweden linikezwa izinkomo zaseHolstein.

Abantu baseHolstein bawukhiqiza kakhulu phakathi kwabo bonke abamele izinkomo zobisi. Izinkomba ezithile zixhomeke ezimweni zokuboshwa, esifundeni, ekudleni. Isibonelo, ochwepheshe be-Israel baye badala izimo ezihlanganisa zonke izici ezihle ezenza isivuno se-Holsteins sibe ngu-10,000 kg ngonyaka.

Izilwane zombala obomvu obomvu zinikeza inani elincane kakhulu lobisi - angabi ngaphezu kwamathani ayi-4 ngonyaka; kanti likhulu kakhulu - cishe 4%.

I-Holstein ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuzalanisa ukwenza ngcono ezinye izinhlobo. Noma kunjalo, lezi zilwane ziyadingeka kakhulu. Uma ufuna izinkomo zakho zibe nempilo, kufanele zinikeze izimo ezidingekayo. Ukuze isilwane sikhule futhi sithole isisindo ngokuvamile, umuntu kufanele agweme izici ezilandelayo:

  • ukudla okunempilo;
  • ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa elinamandla;
  • ukukhulelwa okukhulu;
  • ukuphazamiseka ohlelweni lokubamba.

Abantu baseHolstein basengozini enkulu yokucindezeleka, okuyinto futhi, okuholela ekutheni isisindo silahleke ngisho nokugula.

Kubalulekile! Ukunciphisa ubisi obuncane bezinkomo zeHolstein, okukhuphuka kakhulu kwamafutha namaprotheni kuwo. Isibonelo, e-USA isilwane esisodwa sinikeza ngokwesilinganiso kuze kube ngu-9000 kg ubisi ngonyaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okuqukethwe kwayo kunamafutha angu-3.6%, okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni kungu-3.2%. ERussia, u-7 500 kg ubisi ngonyaka utholakala kwenkomo eyodwa enjalo. Isibonakaliso sokuqukethwe kwayo kunamafutha angu-3.8%.

I-Red-motley

Ukusebenza ekuzaleni kohlobo olubomvu-motley lwaqala ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engama-70 ekhulwini lama-20. Ukuze bawele, bathatha i-red-motley Holstein kanye nohlobo lwezinkomo ze-Simmental. Umsebenzi wokubeletha wagcina iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili, futhi ngonyaka ka-1998 izinkomo ezibomvu nezomnyama zangena encwadini yokuzalanisa.

Ukubukeka kwezinkomo ezibomvu namhlophe:

  1. Ukukhula: Lesi sibonakaliso ezinkomo sifinyelela ku-140-150 cm, izinkomo zikhula zibe ngu-132-140 cm.
  2. Isisindo: ekuzalweni, inkunzi isisindo esingama-36-39 kg, eneminyaka engu-1.5 ubudala - 435-445 kg, inkunzi evuthiwe inesisindo sika 920-1000 kg. Isisindo senkomo ngesikhathi sokulahlwa kokuqala singama-505 kg.
  3. Yakha: ukwakha okuqinile, i-sternum eyakhiwe.
  4. Le suit: obomvu nomnyama.

  5. Isimo: ezungezile, ezinkulu.

Ukukhiqizwa:

  1. Ukukhiqizwa kobisi. Izinkomo zinikeza okungenani u-5000 kg ubisi ngonyaka. Ukukhiqizwa okujwayelekile kuyinto 6,600-7,000 kg ngonyaka. Kunezinkomo ezinomkhiqizo esifundeni esingu-10,000 kg noma ngaphezulu.
  2. Amafutha Ubisi bunamakha amaningi aphezulu, isilinganiso se-3.8%. Emlandweni wonke wokuzala, abantu abangu-16 babhaliswa ngokomthetho, babe nomkhiqizo wobisi olungaphezu kuka-8,400 kg ngobunani be-4.26%. Futhi izinkomo ezingu-10 ezanikeza ngaphezu kuka 9,250 kg ngonyaka ngenani lamafutha angu-4.01%, izinkomo ezingu-5 ezanikeza ngaphezu kuka-10,280 ubisi lobisi (amanothi angu-4.09%) ngonyaka, nezinkomokazi ezingu-4 ezinezikhwama zobisi ezingaphezu kuka-12 000 kg (4.0 %).
  3. Amaphrotheni. Izinkomba zobuntu - 3.2-3.4%.

Umsebenzi wokubeletha ukuthuthukisa ukwenziwa kwaze kwaba yilolu suku. Ukugxila okuyinhloko kwandisa ukhiqizwa ubisi.

Futhi, abalimi bazama ukuthuthukisa ukujwayela kwesilwane ngezimo zobusika obukhulu.

Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zezinkomo kuwukuhlehliswa kokuqukethwe kokuqukethwe. Noma kunjalo, ukuze isilwane silethe inzuzo enkulu ngaphandle kokulimaza impilo yayo, kubalulekile ukulandela izincomo ezilula:

  1. Thuthukisa futhi ulandele ngokuqinile isimiso sokudla nesondlo. Ukuphambene nesimiso esilungisiwe akufanele kudlule imizuzu engama-13, ngaphandle kwalokho kungathinta kakhulu umgogodla nomkhiqizo.
  2. Nsuku zonke udinga ukuhlanza i-stall, igcina, noma indawo lapho isilwane singaphansi komgwaqo.
  3. Ukutholakala kwamanzi amasha ngobuningi obudingekayo.
  4. Ebusika, umgodla kufanele ube nama-insulated kahle, ama-drafts ayamukeleki neze. Ehlobo, ukushisa kufanele kugwenywe.
  5. Ukudla okukhululekile ngenkathi efudumele. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kuyadingeka ukondla isilwane, ikakhulukazi, ngamakhambi atshisayo.
  6. Kuwo wonke unyaka, ukondla kufanele kube nokulinganisela futhi kufaka konke okudingekayo kwenkomo (ikhwalithi yokhuni, isiliva, utshani, izitshalo kanye nefodder mix). Ukugcwalisa isidingo samaprotheni, i-oatmeal kanye ne-pea utshani kumele kuhanjiswe ekudleni.
  7. Ukupha okuphakelayo kuncike izikhathi ezingakanani ngosuku ukukhwabanisa kwenziwa. Uma kwenzeka inkomo ibisiwe kabili ngosuku, kugxila kwisilwane ngokushesha ngaphambi kwenqubo.

Simmental

Izinkomo ze-Simmental zithandwa kakhulu eSweden, ikakhulukazi enkabeni yezwe.

Kubalulekile! Ama-simmentals ahlukaniswa ngokufiphala okukhulu. Uma unquma ukuzala izinkomo, lolu hlobo luhle kakhulu kule njongo.

Kunezinhlobo zobisi kanye nenyama nezinhlobo zobisi zohlobo lwe-Simmental. I-line yokudla inyama ifanelana kahle nezimo zenyakatho. Ukuqondiswa kwezilwane kanye nobisi kudinga ukudla okunomsoco. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, izinkomo ezigcinwe ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho nasentshonalanga yezwe azikhiqizi kakhulu.

Kulezi zifunda, i-meat line iye yanda kakhulu. Kodwa izilwane zobisi, ezifakwe phakathi nendawo yezwe, kanye nasezingxenyeni ezisempumalanga naseningizimu, ziyakwazi ukukhiqiza kuze kufike ku-10,000 kg ubisi nge-lactation. Ukubukeka kwemifanekiso efanayo:

  1. Ukukhula Izilwane azizona ezide kakhulu: izinkunzi zikhula zibe yi-147 cm, izinkomo - kufika ku-135 cm.
  2. Isisindo Inkoma isisindo esingu 560-880 kg. Inkunzi endala ine-840-1280 kg. Ubuningi bezilwane buxhomeke enjongweni ethize yalezi zinhlobo: inyama yobisi ngaphezulu.
  3. Amathole amathole ekuzalweni. I-Gobies izalwa, enesisindo esinganiselwa ku-44 kg, amantombazane anesisindo esingama-37 kg.
  4. Yakha: izinkabi zibuyele emuva ngqo, isimo se-oblong somzimba ngezinhlangothi ezihlangene. Izinkunzi zine-hump ngaphansi kwekhanda.
  5. Inhloko: encane.
  6. Intamo: okufushane
  7. Ukucindezeleka: emfushane futhi eqinile, ngenxa yabo, ama-Simmentals angahamba amakhilomitha amaningi efuna utshani obucebile.
  8. Le suit: Izinkabi zimibalabalabala; izinkunzi zinomthunzi we-cream. Ingaphakathi lemilenze, isisu nekhanda zimhlophe.
  9. Isimo: encane.

Ukukhiqizwa:

  1. Ukukhiqiza inyama. Banomkhiqizo ophezulu wokudla (kuze kube ngu-65% ezinkomeni, kuze kufike ku-57% ezinkukhu). Enyama yazizwa i-fibers ebizwa ngokuthi yi-fibers, nakuba ayikwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi i-coarse. Okuqukethwe kwamafutha enyama kungu-12%.
  2. Umkhiqizo wobisi. Ukukhiqizwa komugqa wobisi kuphakeme kakhulu - 4500-5700 kg nge lactation. Amacala lapho ama-simmentals anikezwa ngaphezu kuka-12000 kg ukuze kubhalwe i-lactation. Izinkuni zenyama yokudla inyama ziyakwazi ukukhiqiza kuze kufike ku-2500 kg ubisi nge-lactation, okwanele kuphela ukondla amathole. Kunezimo lapho ama-simmentals ebeletha amathole amabili.
  3. Amafutha Ubisi balezi zinkomo lunomuthi ophezulu kakhulu - cishe ngo-4.1%.
  4. Ukukhulelwa. Izinkomo zilungele ukushada naye ezinyangeni ezingu-8, izinkunzi zingabakhiqizi ezinyangeni ezingu-18. Ngokuvamile i-calving yokuqala iwela ezinyangeni ezingu-24-30. I-calving yesibili - izinyanga ezingu-13 emva kokuqala.
  5. Precocity. Ubudala bezinkunzi bufika cishe eminyakeni emihlanu.
  6. Inzuzo yesisindo. Izilwane zithola isisindo kahle. Ezinyangeni eziyisithupha, ithole lilinganisa u-185-225 kg. Ngonyaka ongu-1, amathole anesisindo kakade 225-355 kg. Uma izilwane zondla kahle, isisindo sabo sanda nsuku zonke ngo-0.8-1.0 kg. Ngonyaka onyakeni, izinkabi nezinkunzi ezinqatshiwe ziya ekuhlatshweni.
I-Simmentals yaba yisisekelo sokuzalanisa izinhlobo ezintsha emazweni ahlukahlukene kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezilwane ezithuthukile. Isibonelo, abase-USA abammeli abamnyama bobuhlanga babalwa, futhi endaweni yase-USSR "izilinganiso zaseRussia" zakha ama-25% ewonke inani labantu.

Kubalulekile! Isifo sofuba yisifo esivame kakhulu nezinye izifo ku-Simmentals.

Lapho ukuzalisa ama-Simmentals kudingeka ukhumbule ngezinye zezici zokuqukethwe kwazo:

  1. Ama-simmentals kudingeka adle kahle. Kuphela kokudla okunomsoco okunamandla kuyoba nesisindo kancane.
  2. Lezi zilwane ziphikisana nokuhlala unomphela esigodini. Badinga ukuhamba ngisho ebusika uma kungekho iqhwa elikhulu.
  3. Ukondla ama-simmentals udinga hay ephezulu, u-haylage, okukhethwa kukho okukhulu - imboni ebilisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isilwane sidinga ukondla okunomsoco, ama-kg kg okudla nsuku zonke, izimpande, ikhekhe kanye namanzi amaningi amasha.

Izici ezizalisa izinkomo eSweden

Ukuphumelela kweSweden ekukhiqizeni imfuyo ngokujwayelekile, nokukhiqiza izinkomo ikakhulukazi, kwakungaphambi kokulungiswa okujulile nokuthuthukiswa kwezinyathelo zezobuchwepheshe, ezomthetho nezomnotho, ngenxa yokuthi sikwazi ukuletha ukukhiqizwa kwemfuyo ezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu. Umsebenzi omkhulu wenziwa futhi uqhubeka ukwenziwa ososayensi-abafuyi. Ngenxa yalokho, kungenzeka ukuchaza kafushane isimo samanje sokufuya izinkomo kuleli zwe kanje:

  • Izinkomo ezizalwe eSweden zinesistimu yomzimba omzimba kunazo zonke;
  • izinkomo zibhekene nokuthula okunokuthula, okulinganiselayo kanye nesimo sengqondo esizinzile, ngenxa yezimo ezinhle kakhulu zokuboshwa;
  • izilwane zinezinkomba ezinhle zokusebenza, kokubili inyama kanye nobisi.

Naphezu kokuthi iSweden iyizwe elisenyakatho elingenayo izindawo ezinkulu, kanti ingxenye engasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yombuso i-tundra ngokujwayelekile, ukuzaliswa kwezinkomo kulelozinga eliphakeme kakhulu.

Okuhlangenwe nakho kwabaseSweden kubonisa ukuthi ngendlela efanele, ukuhlanganisa izimpumelelo zesayensi yanamuhla nokusebenza kanzima, ungakwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga lapho kubonakala sengathi akunakwenzeka.

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