Imiklamo ephumelela kunazo zonke yezimoto ngokuhamba kwesikhathi igcwele amangakwane futhi ibe uhlobo lwezimpawu ze-epoch. Noma kunjalo, eziningi zazo zisebenza ngokuphumelelayo futhi zisakhula. Enye yalezi "eside-liver" esiyicabangayo ekubuyekezweni. Sifunda ukuthi yini ephawulekayo mayelana nedivaysi yenkambinkimbi ehlanganisa "Niva SK-5".
Umlando wendalo
Yonke into "yokuphila" yalo mshini ixhunywe nesitshalo seRostselmash. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950, abanikazi bendawo baletha i-SK-3 ekuthumeleni. Ngomabhizinisi, kwaba ukuphumelela - ngaphambi kwalokho, ama-unit alandelwayo kuphela akhiqizwa khona. 
I-Troika yayinezinqolobane ezinkulu, ezisetshenziselwa abaqambi, "abakhishwe" imodeli ekhiqiza kakhulu SK-4 ngo-1962. Kwaba yimpumelelo enkulu, eqoqile imiklomelo eminingi emibonisweni ehlukahlukene yezolimo.
I-chassis enjalo ephumelelayo futhi yakhonza njengesizathu se "ezinhlanu". Ukuthuthukiswa nokusebenza kwayo kwathatha isikhathi esiningi - i-serial SK-5 yokuqala yakhishwa kuphela ngo-1970, futhi eminye iminyaka engu-3 umkhiqizo omusha wakhiqizwa ngokufana nalokho okuhlangene kakade.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwakudingeka ukuhlehlisa isenzakalo sokuqala sokusebenza - "isibonisi" sase sikulungele ngo-1967.
Kubalulekile! Ukugijima kuhlinzeka ngamamodi amabili - akukho mthwalo (amahora angu-2.5) futhi usebenza (amahora angu-60). Ekuqaleni kokuqala kokungasebenzi, idizili ivumelekile ukuba isebenze okungaphezu kwesigamu sehora. Ngomjikelezo ojulile, umthwalo kancane kancane ukhuphuke waba ngu-75%, ngokuhlolwa okuphoqelekile nokugcinwa ngokwezindinganiso ze-ETO ngemuva kwamahora angu-10.Imizamo yabanjiniyela yayingenalutho - kunzima ukuthola umuntu ongakaze abone le "mkhosi wezinsimu". Wabekezelela ukuthuthukiswa okuningi, futhi amakhophi "amasha" asenziwa.
Ikhompiyutha yaqala ukukhululeka, umbala obomvu obomvu wenziwa esikhundleni sotshani, futhi isibalo egameni lanyamalala, esikhundleni salo igama "umphumela". Kodwa umklamo oqinisekisiwe usebenza ngendlela efanele.Lapho kuhlanganiswa khona
Insimu "eyinhloko yomsebenzi" yalesi simodeli ukuhlanzwa nokucubungula okuyinhloko kokusanhlamvu. Ngenxa yobukhulu obunamathekisthi nobuchule bokuhlanganiswa, kuhle kakhulu ukucubungula izindawo ezincane noma izimo zezwe elinzima.
Kukhona futhi inguqulo yezinhlabathi ezibuthakathaka, ezimanzi. Lo umshini onokushayela okulandelwayo, obuye wenziwe kahle nesitshalo. 
Abashayeli bamashini abanokuhlangenwe nakho bazi ukuthi insimu "eqinile", okuvamile "i-Nivas" ayinalo elinganayo - ezimweni ezinjalo bayoba nomthelela ekuhlanganiseni okungenamandla okunenzuzo.
Ukucaciswa kobuchwepheshe
Ukuze uqonde indlela okukhangayo ngayo i-SK-5 Niva, cabanga ngezici zamanje zobuchwepheshe zesimodeli samanje esisisekelo:
- injini: i-diesel esine-cylinder in-line nge-supercharged, ezine-stroke;
- amandla (hp): 155;
- ijubane lesigubhu (rpm): 2900;
- inani lemimese: 64;
- i-bunker volume (l): 3000;
- ukulayishwa kwejubane (l / s): 40;
Uyazi? Phakathi kokuguqulwa kweza nezimoto eziyingqayizivele ngempela. Okungenani inhlanganisela ekwazi ukwehlukanisa imbewu yamathambo kusuka kumpula, eyakhiwe ngawo-1970. Kodwa kwakuyisibonelo esisodwa.
- ukukhulula ukuphakama (m): 2,6;
- ukuhlanza uhlobo: isikrini ezimbili;
- ububanzi bekhanda (m): 5;
- ubude bendawo yokuhamba ngezinyawo (m): 3.6, iqukethe izingxenye ezine;
- Indlela yokubhula: uhlobo lomdanso;
- ububanzi bomdanso (m): 0.6;
- uhlobo lwenkhamera encane: umthumeli;
- ubude (m): 7.60;
- ububanzi (m): 3.93;
- ukuphakama (m): 4.1;
- isisindo esomile (t): 7.4.
Hlanganisa Injini
"I-Niva" yanamuhla enezinhlobo ze-diesel brand MMZ - D.260.1. Umthamo wenjini we-7.12 amalitha uphelele imisebenzi ehlukahlukene.
Iqiniso liwukuthi une-torque enhle ye-torque (622 N / m), ehlinzeka kahle ngokugcwele noma ngaphansi kwesigaba esinzima. 
I-motor ingahle "ingabonakali" kuze kufike ku-2100 rpm, kodwa ngokusemandleni bazama "ukubamba" isilinganiso (cishe ngo-1400) siphenduka - kule meysi inqwaba yamandla ifinyelelwe.
Ukupholisa amanzi kudingekile ngomsebenzi wamasimu, kule ndaba, injini ye-diesel yaseMinsk ikhetheka "ukuphuma emoyeni".
Ngomsebenzi omude wesikhathi eside, uzodinga ama-tillers, ugandaganda kanye ne-mini-trekta.Isisindo seyunithi enjalo ngu-650 kg. Kuzo izinzuzo ezisobala, umsebenzi olula futhi "ukudla" okulinganiselayo kubonakala. Ukusetshenziswa kwepasipoti ye-Niva ehlangene nomvuno ohlomelelwe le injini ngama-25 amalitha ngehora lokusebenza. Lesi sibalo singase sihluke kuye ngokuthi isimo senziwa kanjani kanye nokulungiswa kokulungiswa kwedizayeli.
Kubalulekile! Uma kuqala ukuqala kwenjini kwenziwa ekushiseni okungezansi +5 ° C, khona-ke amafutha athululelwe e-factory kufanele ashintshwe kuze kube sehlobo le-M8 yasebusika (ama-fluids ne-indices DM ne-G2K afanelekile).
Njengoba "inhliziyo" yalo mshini nayo ingenza izinjini ezifana nalezi:
- SMD-17K ne-SMD-18K (kokubili - 100 hp ngayinye);
- Uchungechunge lwe-SMD oluyi-120K, 20K no-21K okhishiwe.
Ukugijima gear
Leli qembu lamafindo lihlanganisa amabhuloho amabili: amasondo okushayela futhi aqondise.
Yiqiniso, okokuqala kunzima kakhulu ekwakhiweni. Yakhiwa:
- amabhokisi amagiyimu;
- i-clutches;
- ukuhlukanisa;
- ukuvimba nge-brake;
- Amabhokisi we-gear angu-2;
- amasondo ngqo.
Ibhokisi legiar ye-Niva CK-5 elivuna ukuvuna isisindo sesithathu, esinezikhwama ezingu-3 kanye neqoqo lezimpahla, ezimbili zazo ezenziwa ezihambayo (njengezimoto) futhi zifakwe kwi-shaft drive.Owokuqala "uthatha" igeyimu yokuqala, futhi okwesibili - ngesivinini sesibili nesithathu. Ngemuva kokushintsha ukudluliselwa, amagoli "mahhala" avinjelwe indlela ekhethekile.
E-pulley yokuthola ye-shaft drive yebhokisi ifakwa i-clutch dis clutch, kuyilapho ukukhululwa ngosizo lwamachibi angu-12 kuyifinyelela engxenyeni yangaphakathi ye-pulley. Uma i-clutch ichithekile, i-clutch ikhulula i-disk eqhutshwayo iphinde iqondise ukujikeleza kwi-transaxle.
Uyazi? Abavuni bokuqala baseSoviet bakhiqizwa ngo-1930 eZaporizhia. Ngezindinganiso zanamuhla, izimoto zabizwa ngokuthi yizikhathi zesikhathi. - "i-Communard".I-wheel axle esheshayo ihlonyiswa kalula:
- ibhola eliqinile;
- ukuguqula;
- i-trapezoid e-block nge-cylinder yamanzi;
- amasondo.
Izimpande zamasondo ziphethwe emaphethelweni ensimbi ngokusebenzisa ama-pivots namazinyo. Ama-Hubs anamathele kuma-axles ngokwawo ngamabherethi ane-tapered.I-CVT
Kuzo zonke izinguquko zokuhlanganisa i-klinoremenny drive efakiwe. Mane nje, umzuzwana osuka emotweni uyadluliselwa ku-pulley yebhodi yamagesi ngebhande, futhi inqubo yonke ilawulwa yi-variator.
Lolu hlelo, ukuguqula i-unit unit drive, luhambisa ibhande eceleni kwe-pulley, ngaleyo ndlela lishintshe ububanzi bokusakaza. Ibhande ngokwayo ngesikhathi esisodwa lihamba phansi noma likhonjiswa "emaphethelweni" (khona-ke ububanzi buyanda). 
Ukusebenza kwalo mshini kulawulwa yi-valve yomthengisi we-hydraulic, isibambo salo esikhishwa ku-cabin. Ukuze unikeze isivinini esigcwele, idluliselwa yonke indlela phambili, futhi ibuyele kabusha isivinini.
Iklabhu nokuqondisa
Ngokududuzeka, i-Niva yakhuphulela izidingo zamanje. Ngenxa yokwakhiwa okusha kwezinto zokwakha, ukukhishwa kwe-soundproofing kwaba ngcono, futhi kwaba ngcono kakhulu ukuba ngaphakathi ngaphakathi - izinguqulo zangaphambilini umhlanganisi, empeleni, ebhokisini lensimbi evuthayo elinomoya ompofu. Emotweni entsha i-conditioner inikezwa (iqiniso, njengendlela yokukhetha).
Kubalulekile! Uma uthenga ukuhlanganiswa okusetshenzisiwe, qaphela ngokukhethekile isimo sensimbi (ngemva kokuhlola wonke ama-node angezansi), izinhlelo zokufakelwa amafutha kanye nezimo zokugcoba. "Izindawo ezigulayo" amakhophi amadala - lokhu, okokuqala, ifreyimu nesibhuloho, ukubhujiswa ngokushesha "kuyishaya" kuwo.Ehlezi emsebenzini, umshayeli ubona phambi kwakhe:
- ikholomu yokuqondisa;
- kwesokudla kwakhe i-lever gearshift, izigqoko ezihlukene zokugaya nokulayisha;
- ngakwesobunxele kwesondo lokushayela kukhona ama-clutch pedals kanye ne-lever ye-brake yokupaka;
- ngaphansi kwesondo lokushayela kukhona i-lever ye-supply lever, ngezinguqulo ezahlukene ezingatholakala kunhlangothi zonke ze "donut".
Isihlalo esiphendukayo siyaguquguquka ezindizeni ezimbili (ezizungezile nezingezansi). Ngakwesokudla, ekhoneni le-cab, kuyipaneli yensimbi neqoqo lezibani nezixwayisi.Izinsimbi nazo zifakwe lapho - izinkomba zokucindezela amafutha nokushisa kwamanzi, i-drum tachometer kanye nesimitha. Lokhu kungase kungabi khona - abalimi abaningi babeka izihlangu ezilula.
Isikhala esikhulu sithathwa yiyunithi yokulawula yezindlela zokusebenza kanye nezinhlelo: isigubhu, ikhanda, "ukulahla" kwendawo yokuhlala, njll.
Uyazi? Isihlanganisi sokuqala sokuzikhiphelela esimweni se-USSR sasingu-C-4 (1947-1958). Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ezombusazwe zangenela "ekupheleni" kwakhe - kwaze kwafika ngo-1956 kwathiwa "iStalinist", futhi emva kweCycle Congress, igama lahlehliselwa encwadini yokuqala.I-axle yokushayela (yangemuva) ilawulwa ngosizo lwe-hydraulics - akukho ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwevili lokushayela kanye namasondo, wonke umuntu uthatha uhlelo lokuqondisa amandla kanye nesibhamu lapho khona uketshezi olusebenzayo olunikezwa ipompo yokulandelela lihamba khona.
Le ndlela inciphisa kakhulu ukuyeka emuva, kodwa kunezinkinga. Ngakho, ukulungiswa okungalungile kwesondo lokushayela kuba "okuqinile".Zijwayeze nge-MT3-892, MT3-1221, ama-Kirovets K-700, T-170, MT3-80, i-Vladimirets T-25, i-MT3 320, i-MT3 82 ne-T-30 itrekta engasetshenziselwa izinhlobo ezahlukene zomsebenzi .
Uhlelo lwe-Hydraulic
Lezi zinhlanganisela zinezinhlelo ezimbili zokuxubha. Okuyinhloko isebenza amayunithi okusebenza, futhi ukuqondisa kusiza ukulawula.
Ukwakhiwa kwesifunda esikhulu kuhlanganisa:
- uhlobo lwepompo NSH-32U;
- ama-valve okuphepha;
- ummemezeli ophuma ku-7;
- I-varizer ye-HZ emibili;
- izilinda ze-hydraulic zokukhulisa ikhanda kanye ne-reel.
Futhi, isifunda sokuqondisa sihlanganisa:- phampa i-NSh-10E;
- i-valve valve;
- i-dispenser;
- isisebenzi (yena unamandla) isilinda.
Kuzosiza futhi ukuba uzijwayeze izici zobuchwepheshe ze-Salyut 100, Neva MB 2, iZubr JR-Q12E zokuvimbela umlilo.
Hlanganisa umvuno
Ukuze ihlanganiswe "i-Niva" ingenye yezinhlelo ezibaluleke kakhulu, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi kuvame ukufakwa nge injini. Izingxenye eziyinhloko nezingxenye ziyi:
- Icala lapho zonke izingxenye zokusebenza ziphakanyisiwe. Ixhunywe ekhamera elithambekeleyo ngokusebenzisa ama-pendants kanye ne-hinge. Lesi sakhiwo sonke silinganiswa yimithombo enamandla. Ihlanganiswe kumagesi we-telescopic ekhonjiswe ngokufinyelela emimese.
Kubalulekile! Ngaphambi kokuletha inhlanganisela emgwaqweni wokuhamba, lo mnqamulajuqu kufanele akhishwe - Ngisho nokulanda okuncane kunqatshelwe.
- Isikhwama, ukulungisa ukuphakama kwe-cut. "Extreme" yakhelwe ama-5 no-18 cm, kanti izinketho eziphakathi ziyi-10 no-13 cm.
- Ukubamba iqhaza, ukubamba iziqu lapho usika futhi uwaqondisa ku-auger. Eqinisweni, yi-shaft enezinhlaka ezihleliwe, lapho i-roller tubular eminwe (iminwe) ifakwe khona. Bona, nabo, balayishwa entwasahlobo.
- Ukusika umkhawulo. Ku-bar kukhona iminwe engabodwa enezikhwama zommese ezifakiwe ezihamba ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinhlayiya zokuxubha kanye namapulangwe okuxubana. Ukuhamba kwemimese kuyisixuku se "hinge - telescope."
- Auger. Lesi isilinda esinamatepi "ahlukeneyo" aphethwe yi-spiral - ahamba ngezindlela ezahlukene, futhi ngesikhathi sokujikeleza ashintsha iziqu phakathi. Lapho bahlwithwa ngomunwe okhethekile, othumela lokhu kuthunyelwa kumthumeli.
- Umthumeli we-"Floating". Yenziwe i-oblique futhi iholela okusanhlamvu ukugaya. Nansi i-shaft engu-2 enezinkanyezi emaphethelweni - eholela futhi eqhutshwa. Amaketanga e-Sleeve-roller anezinsimbi zensimbi "anesibopho" sokuhamba.
- Ukuthayipha. Iqoqa ama-beveled neziqu futhi ayithumele "ezansi" zekhanda. Ukuze uyifake kuyodingeka ususe i-reel.
Izinguquko ezinkulu ze-combine
Ngaphandle komodeli oyisisekelo, "abameleli" bezinye izinguquko basendaweni. Kwakukhona okuningi kubo iminyaka engaba ngu-50 yokukhululwa, ngakho sizogxila ezintweni ezivame kakhulu. Zivele zichazwe - izinhlamvu nezinkomba zedijithali zengezwa kusifinyezo esithi "SK":
- 5A ibonisa injini ye-hp 120;
Uyazi? Amanye ama-node "i-Niva" aya ekwakhiweni kwezinkampani zokuhlanza utamatisi SKT-2. Kwakungcono kakhulu emapulazini - ezimweni zokuntuleka kwezingxenye ezisele, izingxenye ezivela "utamatisi" zihlanganisa zihlelwe kabusha "eziyisihlanu" ezivamile ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukukhiqizwa.
- Inguqulo ye-5AM ifakwe injini yamahhashi angu-140, futhi ibhokisi legiya liyashintsha ngakwesobunxele;
- I-5M-1 ihlukana nokudluliselwa kwe-hydrostatic;
- I-SCC-5 iklanyelwe ukusebenza ezindaweni ezilukhuni futhi "ithatha" amathafa angafika ku-30 °;
- I-SKP-5M-1 iguqulwa ngokulandelana kokulandelana kwenhlabathi "emanzi".
Izinzuzo nokuqeda
Ngesikhathi sonke sokusebenza "i-Niv" ithole isipiliyoni esikhulu, futhi wonke umuntu osebenzelana nemishini yezolimo uyazi mayelana "nemvelo" yalezi zihlanganisa.
Zinezinzuzo eziningi:
- wafunda ngokucophelela ukuklama;
- ukuhamba okuhle ngokulingana okuncane;
- intengo ephansi;
- ukutholakala kwanoma yiziphi izingxenye ezithintekayo nokugcinwa okuphezulu;
- izinga elimnandi lokuhlanza okusanhlamvu;
- ukusebenza kahle ngokulahlekelwa okuncane okuqoqwa kweqoqo.
- ngezikhathi ezithile "ezindizayo" amabhande okushayela;
- ubunzima ekukhuliseni ikhanda kanye nezinamathiselo; izizukulwane ezingaphezu kwesisodwa zabaqhubi bemishini "zakhiwe" ezimweni zasensimini izigodi ezihlukahlukene, ukuxhuma kanye nabakaki;
- hhayi ikakhulukazi ukugijima ngokusheleleka ngomthwalo ogcwele.
Kubalulekile! Abaningi bakhononda ngenkinga yokuqondisa "okuqinile". Lokhu kungahle kube ngenxa yokunamathela kwamagagasi we-hydraulic noma ukulungiswa okungalungile.Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, i- "good old" SK-5 ayilahlekelwa phansi. Abalimi abaqala ngokuzithandela bathatha inhlanganisela "esetshenzisiwe" futhi, uma betshale amandla nezinye izindlela, baxhaphaze iminyaka eminingi. Ubuningi bezingxenye ezihlangene buqinisekisa ukuthi "i-Niva" iphila isikhathi eside.
Manje uyazi ukuthi yini eyenza indlela enjalo kangaka ethandwa kakhulu. Sithemba ukuthi lolu lwazi luzosiza ekunqumeni ukukhethwa kobuchwepheshe. Qopha isivuno!
