Lesi sihloko sichaze izinto ezihloswe ukukujwayela ngesitshalo esiyingqayizivele, esithatha igama elithakazelisayo nelingavamile - "triticale."
Luhlobo luni lwesitshalo, kungani i-triticale itshalwe futhi yikuphi ubuchwepheshe bokulima kwayo, funda ngezansi.
I-Triticale - iyini
I-Triticale ngumkhiqizo wesandla sabantu. Ukuhlolwa kwesikhathi eside kwabalimi bavunyelwe ukukhombisa ukukhanya komphumela wokuqala wokuhamba okusanhlamvu - rye kanye nokolo.
Uyazi? Igama "triticale" eyakhiwe ngamagama amabili esiLatini: triticum - ukolweni, eyesibili - rye.Ukuhlolwa kokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlamvu kuye kwaqhutshwa kusukela kuma-80 ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalolunye eJalimane. I-hybrid yadalwa ngo-1941 ngu-ososayensi-umzalisi V. Pisarev. Nguye owaqala ukuwela ukolweni ubusika kanye no-rye. Zonke ezinye izinhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo zaqalwa kakade ngesisekelo salesi hybrid. Kusukela ngo-1970, i-triticale yaqala ukukhula ngezinhloso zokukhiqiza.
Ukungafani kwalesi sitshalo sokusanhlamvu ukuthi kudlula izitshalo zomzali ezizimele eziningi (isibonelo, inani lokudla okunomsoco nokukhiqiza). Ngokumelana nezimo zangaphandle ezimbi, ukubunjwa kwenhlabathi, izifo kanye nezinambuzane, umyalelo wokuphakama ophakeme kunokolweni futhi kuhambisana ne-rye. Izitshalo ezivuthiwe zalesi sitshalo yizigidi ezingama-33.2 ehektheleni, ubuningi obuluhlaza - 400-500 abaphakathi kwehektha ngalinye. 
Izitshalo zotshani zikhula kusuka ku-65 kuya ku-160 cm. Ukwakhiwa kwendlebe kufana nokolweni - kunezinhlamvu ezingaphezu kwambili kuwo. I-spikelet encane, i-lanceolate nezilinganiso zezimbali zifana ne-rye. Ukuma kokusanhlamvu kungahluka, nombala - obomvu noma omhlophe.
I-triticale yasebusika inezinhlobo zezici eziphilayo ezihlukile kwezinye izinhlamvu. I-hybrid ibonakala ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwamaprotheni - 11-23% (okuyi-1.5% ephakeme kunaleyo kakolweni, futhi 4% ephakeme kunaleyo ye-rye) kanye nama-amino acids: i-lysine ne-tryptophan. Amaphesenti angu-9,5 we-protein ayinani lomsoco we-triticale okusanhlamvu owedlula ukolweni. Ikhwalithi ye-gluten e-hybrid ibhekwa njengephansi kune-progenitress yayo.
Ngokungangabazeki kuyokusiza ukuba ufunde kabanzi mayelana nokuthi isiphi isithombo sebhitrudi, amasambu, i-alfalfa, i-sainfoin izoyisebenzisa njengokudla izilwane zasemakhaya.Izinzuzo ze-hybrid rye kanye nokolozi zihlanganisa:
- izinhlamvu ezinkulu;
- ukuvuthwa okuphezulu kwezinsipho;
- ukuzithoba ekulimeni;
- ukuphikiswa kwesithwathwa;
- ukumelana ne-powdery isikhutha, ubusi obomvu, u-smut onzima;
- self-impova
Izinkinga zihlanganisa:
- ukwahlukanisa kanzima ukolweni kumakhoba;
- ukuvezwa kwezimpande ezibola nokubunjwa kweqhwa;
- ukuvuthwa kwekwephuzile
Uyazi? Kukholelwa ukuthi okungcono kakhulu ngezimfanelo zekhwalithi yisinkwa esivela enhlanganweni yefulawa, okufaka ufulawa wekolweni ka-70-80% nofulawa wama-trithali ka-20-30%.Njengokudla, ukudla okhethekile kanye nezinhlobo zokudla okusanhlamvu triticale, kanye netshani, isiliva zazo zisetshenziswa. Izinhlobonhlobo ze-triticale zibalulekile ngenxa yokubaluleka kwazo ngenxa yokutholakala kokudla okukhulu kakhulu kwemfuyo nezinkukhu kunezinye izinhlamvu.
Abakhiqizi abakhulu namuhla banamanye amazwe e-EU njengePoland (okuholela ekukhiqizeni), eFrance naseJalimane. I-Triticale nayo ikhiqizwa e-Australia naseBelarus. 
Ezinye izizwe eziningi zinesithakazelo emasiko. Ngokwenqubo ye-agronomic, lesi sitshalo okusanhlamvu asiqondwa kahle.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko
I-Triticale ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko:
- ubusika;
- entwasahlobo.
Ngokusho kwesicelo, izinhlobo ezilandelayo zihlukaniswa:
- okusanhlamvu;
- ukuphakelayo;
- ukondla okusanhlamvu.
Sekuyisikhathi eside ukuba khona utshani, izinhlobo eziningana ze-triticale zadalwa. Okuthandwa kakhulu phakathi kwezitshalo zasebusika yi: ADP2, ADM4, 5, 8, 11, Zenit Odessa, Amfidiproid 3/5, 15, 42, 52, eKiey Early, Cornet, Papsuevskoe. 
Phakathi kwentwasahlobo: "Isigodlo Kharkov", "Krupilsky".
Indlela yokutshala isitshalo
Izici zokutshala nokukhula kwe-triticale zifana nokutshala ezinye izinhlamvu. Noma kunjalo, kunezinto eziningana.
Inhlabathi ekhulayo
Lesi sitshalo asidingi emhlabathini, singakhula kuzo zonke izinhlobo zemhlabathi, ngaphandle kwesihlabathi esingenayo kanye nama-peatlands angabonakali. Nokho, kuyoba ngcono ukukhula emhlabathini omnyama. Emhlabathini, ohlanganisa isihlabathi noma i-peat, i-hybrid iyakwazi ukukhiqiza isitshalo esicebile kunabazali bayo.
I-pH enhle yomhlabathi wokutshala izitshalo yi-5.5-7. Ngakho-ke, okungcono kakhulu kokutshala i-triticale yimihlabathi ene-alkaline ye-alkaline ebuthakathaka futhi engathathi hlangothi. Ukwandisa i-pH kuya ku-6-6.5 kwandisa umkhiqizo wesitshalo ngo-14-25%. Uma inhlabathi imuncu, kufanele ilandelwe ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela. 
Izandulela phambili ze-triticale ziyoba ngamabele, i-peas, utshani obungapheli (okungewona uketshezi), izinhlobo zakuqala zamazambane. Akufanele utshale lesi sitshalo emva kokunye okusanhlamvu, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokudla kwebhali, ibhali kanye nobusika busika - lokhu kubhekene nokusabalala kwezifo nezinambuzane eziyingozi.
Kubalulekile! Isikhathi sokuhlwanyela sizohluka ngokuya esifundeni. Kubalulekile ukugxila esikhathini sokutshala ukolweni ubusika endaweni yezulu lapho kuhlelwe ukuhlwanyela i-triticale.Ngaphambi kwesikhathi, kunconywa ukuba usebenzise umanyolo we-phosphorus-potassium kanye nodaba oluphilayo ngendlela yomquba esizeni. Masinyane ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela, umhlaba kufanele uhlakulelwe ekutshalweni okujulile.
Ukuhlwanyela ukuhlwanyela kuzoxhomeke ikakhulukazi kwabangaphambili, izimo zemvelo ezihlala endaweni lapho kuhlongozwa khona utshani, kanye nesilinganiso sokukhula kokhula nezinhlobo zazo.
Sibonisa ubuqili bokuhlwanyela izaqathe, pepper, ukholifulawa, isitshalo seqanda, iparsley, ukhukhamba.
Ukukhethwa kweMbewu
Ngaphansi kokuhlwanyela usebenzisa imbewu yekhwalithi eliphezulu ngezinga eliphezulu okungenani lama-87%. Ukwelashwa kwembewu imbewu kufaka ukufudumala ngomoya ofudumele, ukugqoka amafongicides kanye nezinambuzane ezivunyelwe ukolweni ubusika, ukwelashwa nge-microelements kanye nabalawuli bokukhula. Ukwelashwa kwezifo kwenziwa okungakapheli izinsuku ezingu-15 ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela.
Imbewu ye-triticale yasebusika kumele idlule ngenkathi ekhulayo ngaphambi kweqhwa. Uneminyaka engu-40-60. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kuyadingeka ukuhlwanyela okusanhlamvu ngesikhathi kusukela ngo-Agasti 25 kuya ku-Septhemba 25. 
Izitshalo zokudoba
Indlela yokuhlwanyela - icala eliphansi (15 cm) noma imbewu encane (7.5 cm) yamabele okusanhlamvu. Ukujuliswa kokunconywa kwembewu ngu-3-4 cm, nokungabi khona kwesikhathi kwemvula kanye nokomiswa kwesibhakabhaka - 5-6 cm. Ukuhlwanyela kufanele kwenziwe kungakapheli izinsuku ezinhlanu.
Ukushisa okungcono kakhulu kwembewu ukuhluma kuyinto +20 ° C, ubuncane yi-+5 ° C, futhi ubuningi yi-+35 ° C.
Amahlumela kufanele avele kungakapheli isonto ngemuva kokuhlwanyela. 
Izici zokukhula
Ukuze uvikele isitshalo ukhula kusuka kukhula, izifo nezinambuzane, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa izindlela ze-agrotechnical kanye namakhemikhali ngesikhathi.
Ukulawulwa kokhula kwenziwa ngokulimaza nokusetshenziswa kokubulala ukhula. Imithi enjenge-"Quartz", "Racer", "Cougar" ingasetshenziswa kuphela ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa emva kokuhluma. Ngesikhathi samapheshana amathathu okuqala, ngaphezu kwemali engenhla, sebenzisa "Super", "Gusar", "Marathon", "Satis". Ukhula olunomnyaka owodwa lulwa nolwa "Cowboy", "Lintur".
Ngokuqinisekile uzoba nesithakazelo sokufunda ngokutshalwa kommbila, okusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu, izinambuzane, uketshezi okuncane, ama-oats, isithombo sebhitrudi, u-barley entwasahlobo, i-rye, ukolweni ubusika, nokudlwengula.
Ukuvikeleka ngokumelene nezifo nezinambuzane
Lapho ukhetha izidakamizwa zokwelashwa kwezifo ezihlukahlukene, kubalulekile ukugxila kumafungicides avunyelwe ukolweni ubusika. Into eyingozi kakhulu ku-triticale: isikhunta seqhwa, i-ergot, i-septoria, i-root rot. Ukuze uthole i-prophylaxis ngesikhathi sokulima, ukwelashwa nge "Ferazyme" kuyasetshenziswa, futhi phakathi nesikhathi sokungena ku-tube - "Agat".
Utshani luthinta ama-aphid, thrips, izimpukane zaseSweden, i-pyavitsa nezinye izinambuzane. Esikhathini sesigaba samaqabunga amabili nesikhathi sokuqothula nokuthola, ukufiphala kwenziwa "i-Dezis-extra", "Fastak", "Senpai", "i-Sumi-alpha". Ngenkathi yokukhula isebenzisa i- "Ziperon", "Sharpay". 
Ukufuna ukugqoka ukudla
Utshani ofuna ukudla okunomsoco. Imithi kanye nezinhlobo zamanyolo we-triticale yasebusika zizoxhomeka ekuzaleni komhlaba, izinga lomswakama walo, kanye nokuthi kuhlelwe kanjani ukuvunwa.
Kuhle ukuletha kokubili umquba we-organic and mineral. Kunconywa ukuba ukondle ngamanyolo we-nitrogen-, i-phosphorus- kanye ne-potassium (60 kg / ha) emhlabathini ovundile kakhulu futhi ekuhlwanyeleni emva kokuhamba phambili.
Uyazi? Uma lesi sitshalo singenaso i-phosphorus, sizokunciphisa ukulimala nokwakhiwa kweziqu ezikhiqizayo. Ukuntuleka kwe-potassium kuzothinta ukuphikiswa kwamaqabunga utshani.Uma ukutshala kwenziwa ngemuva kokudlulela phambili, izinga lokunconywa lomanyolo kufanele lenyuke libe ngu-90 kg / ha.
I-phosphorus ne-potassium iyaziswa ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela. I-nitrogen - ngesikhathi sokukhula. Umthamo wokuqala we-nitrogen oqukethe umquba kumele ungabi ngaphezu kuka 60-70 kg / ha. Yiphathe ngaphambi kokulima. Esesibili senziwa ngesikhathi sokukhululwa ngaphakathi kwe-tube. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuyinto efiselekayo ukwethula ukufaka umanyolo we-foliar nge-micronutrient fertilizer. 
Ukuvuna
Ukuvuna kwenziwa ngendlela ehlukile noma ngokuhlanganisa ngokuqondile. Iqoqo elihlukile lenziwa esigabeni sokuvuthwa okusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu. Ukuhlanganisa ngokuqondile kwenziwa ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa okugcwele. Akunakwenzeka ukuvumela ukuhlelwa kabusha kwe-cereal, ngoba lokhu kugcwele ukuphula iziqu.
Ngakho-ke, i-triticale iyizinhlobo ezintsha ezizimeleyo zesitshalo sesitshalo eziphethe izici ezifanayo eziphilayo ne-rye kanye nokolo. Kubikezelwa ukuthi maduzane uketshezi kuyoba nendawo ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni ukudla, ukudla nokudla okusanhlamvu. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqaphele ukuthi isitshalo sokusanhlamvu siwumkhiqizo wobuchwepheshe bezakhi zofuzo, okwenza ithonya lomzimba womuntu lingakafundiwe.
