Umquba we-nitrojeni yizinto ezingavamile futhi eziphilayo eziqukethe i-nitrogen futhi ziyasetshenziswa enhlabathini ukuze zithuthukise isivuno. I-nitrojeni iyisici esiyinhloko sokuphila kwezitshalo, kuthinta ukukhula kanye nokukhula kwesitshalo sezitshalo, zigcwala izici eziwusizo nezomsoco.
Lokhu kuyisisindo esinamandla kakhulu esingazinzile kokubili isimo se-phytosanitary yomhlabathi, futhi sinikeze umphumela ohlukile - uma usuqedile futhi usetshenziswa kabi. Umquba we-nitrogen awufani nhlobo we-nitrogen equkethwe kuwo futhi uhlukaniswa ngamaqembu amahlanu. Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-nitrogen fertilizer kusho ukuthi i-nitrogen ingathatha izinhlobo ezahlukene zamakhemikhali kumanyolo ahlukene.
Indima ye nitrogen yokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo
Izithombo ezinkulu ze-nitrogen ziqukethwe enhlabathini (humus) futhi zakha cishe u-5%, kuye ngezimo ezithile kanye nezindawo zezulu. I-humus eningi emhlabathini, ecebile futhi enomsoco kakhulu. Abampofu kunazo zonke ezakhiweni ze-nitrogen kukhona indawo enesihlabathi esilula futhi enesihlabathi.
Kodwa-ke, noma ngabe inhlabathi ivundile kakhulu, i-1% kuphela ye-nitrogen ephelele ekhona kuyo izotholakala ezitshalweni zokudla, ngoba ukubola kwe-humus nokukhululwa kosawoti wamaminerali kwenzeka kancane kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, i-nitrogen fertilizer idlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni kwezitshalo, ukubaluleka kwayo akukwazi ukucatshangelwa, ngoba ukukhula kwezitshalo ezinkulu futhi eliphezulu ngaphandle kokusebenzisa kuyoba yinkinga enkulu.
I-nitrojeni iyisici esibalulekile samaprotheni, okuhlangene nawo, okubandakanyeka ekusungulweni kwe-cytoplasm kanye ne-nucleus yamaseli esitshalo, i-chlorophyll, amavithamini amaningi kanye nama-enzyme adlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni. Ngakho-ke, ukudla okunomsoco we-nitrogen kwandisa amaphesenti amaprotheni kanye nokuqukethwe kwezakhi eziwusizo ezitshalweni, ukwandisa isivuno nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yayo. I-nitrogen njengomanyolo esetshenziselwa:
- ukusheshisa ukukhula kwezitshalo;
- plant saturation nge amino acid;
- ukwandisa ivolumu yamaseli ezitshalo, ukunciphisa i-cuticle negobolondo;
- ukusheshisa inqubo yokwehlisa izinga lokunciphisa izakhi zomsoco eziswe emhlabathini;
- ukuvuselelwa kwenhlabathi microflora;
- ukukhipha izakhi eziyingozi;
- ukwandisa isivuno
Indlela yokunquma ukuntuleka kwe-nitrogen ezitshalweni
Inani lomanyolo we-nitrogen elisetshenziswa ngqo kuxhomeke ekubunjweni kwenhlabathi lapho izitshalo zihlalwa khona. Ukuqukethwe okwanele kwe-nitrogen emhlabathini kuthinta ngqo ukusebenza kwezitshalo ezikhulile. Ukuntuleka kwe-nitrogen ezitshalweni kungathathwa ngokubonakala kwazo: amaqabunga ahlehla, alahlekelwe umbala noma aphuzi, afe ngokushesha, ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwehla, futhi amahlumela amancane akwazi ukukhula.
Izihlahla zezithelo ezimweni zokuntuleka kwe-nitrojeni engasebenzi kahle, izithelo ziba zijulile futhi ziyashintsha. Emithini yamatshe, ukwehla kwe-nitrogen kubangela reddening of the amagxolo. Futhi, inhlabathi enomsoco kanye nokukhipha ngokweqile (ukutshala utshani obungapheli) endaweni ngaphansi kwezihlahla zezithelo kungabangela indlala ye-nitrogen.
Izimpawu ze-nitrogen eyengeziwe
I-nitrogen eyengeziwe, kanye nokuntuleka, kungabangela ukulimala okukhulu kwezitshalo. Uma kukhona i-nitrogen ngokweqile, amaqabunga abe luhlaza obumnyama, akhule unnaturally enkulu, abe ngamanzi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuvuthwa nokuvuthwa kwezithelo ezithela izithelo kubambezeleka. Insalela ye-nitrogen yezitshalo ezinomsoco ezifana ne-aloe, i-cactus, njll, iphelela ekufeni noma izibazi ezimbi, ngoba isikhumba esincane sinqamuka. 
Izinhlobo ze-nitrogen fertilizer kanye nezindlela zokusebenzisa kwazo
Amakhomikhali e-nitrojeni atholakala ku-synthetic ammonia futhi, kuye ngokuthi isimo se-aggregation, sihlukaniswe kanjani amaqembu amahlanu:
- Nitrate: i-calcium ne-nitrate ye-nitrate;
- Ammonium: i-ammonium chloride ne-ammonium sulfate.
- I-ammonium nitrate noma i-ammonium nitrate - iqembu eliyinkimbinkimbi ehlanganisa ammonium ne-nitrate fertilizer, isibonelo, njenge-ammonium nitrate;
- Amide: i-urea
- Amanyolo e-ammonia e-Liquid, njengama-anhydrous ammonia namanzi ammonia.
Ama-fertilizer angabalulekile angama-potashi: usawoti we-potassium, i-potassium humate ne-phosphate: i-superphosphate.
Ammonium nitrate
Ammonium nitrate - umanyolo osebenza kahle njengama-granules amhlophe avulekile, aqukethe cishe ama-35% we-nitrogen. It isetshenziswa njengendlela isicelo main kanye zokugqoka. I-ammonium nitrate iyasebenza ngokukhethekile ezindaweni ezingenamanzi lapho kunesisombululo esikhulu semhlabathi. Emhlabathini ongenamanzi, umanyolo awunamsebenzi ngoba ususwa masinyane ngamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kanye nemvula.
Umphumela we-ammonium nitrate ezitshalweni ukuqinisa isiqu nokukhula kwezinkuni, futhi kuholela ekwandeni kwenhlabathi ye-acidity. Ngakho-ke, uma usebenzisa, kunconywa ukuthi ungeze i-neutralizer (u-choki, i-lime, i-dolomite) ku-nitmoni ammonium ngesilinganiso esingu-0.7 kg nge-1 kg ye-nitrate. Namuhla, ekudayiseni okuningi akutholakali i-ammonium nitrate ehlanzekile, futhi kuhlanganiswa ukuxubana okulungiselelwe.
Ukukhetha okuhle kungaba ingxube ye-ammonium nitrate engama-60% kanye neutralizing 40%, okuzokhiqiza cishe i-nitrogen engama-20%. I-ammonium nitrate isetshenziselwa ukumba ingadini ngokulungiselela ukutshala. Kungasetshenziswa futhi njengomanyolo lapho uhlwanyela izithombo.
Ammonium sulfate
I-ammonium sulfate iqukethe i-nitrogen engama-20.5%, efinyeleleka kalula ezitshalweni futhi ihlelwe enhlabathini ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen ye-cationic. Lokhu kuvumela ukusetshenziswa komanyolo ekwindla, ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuthi kungenzeka ukulahleka okuphawulekayo kwendaba yamaminerali ngenxa yokungena emanzini angaphansi komhlaba. I-ammonium sulphate ibuye ifanele njengesicelo esiyinhloko sokufaka umquba.
Emhlabathini kunomthelela omuhle, ngakho-ke, njengoba kwenzeka ku-nitrate, ku-1 kg we-ammonium sulphate udinga ukwengeza u-1.15 kg wezinto eziphuculayo (ukhiliki, i-lime, i-dolomite, njll). Ngokusho kwemiphumela yocwaningo, umanyolo unikeza umphumela omuhle uma usebenzisa ukuyondla amazambane. I-ammonium sulphate ayifuni izimo zokugcina, ngoba ayitholakalanga njenge-ammonium nitrate.
Kubalulekile! I-ammonium sulfate akufanele ixutshwe ngamanyolo e-alkaline: umlotha, u-tomasshlak, i-lime egobile. Lokhu kuholela ekulahlekelweni kwe-nitrogen.
I-potassium nitrate
I-nitassium nitrate, noma i-nitrate ye-potassium, umanyolo wamaminerali ngesimo se-powder omhlophe noma amakristalu, esetshenziselwa ukudla okunye okungeke kubekezelele i-chlorine. Ukwakhiwa kunamakhemikhali amabili: i-potassium (44%) ne-nitrogen (13%). Lokhu isilinganiso nokusabalalisa kwe-potassium kungasetshenziswa ngisho nangemva kokuqhakaza nokubunjwa kwama-ovari.
Lokhu kusebenza kusebenza kahle kakhulu: ngenxa ye-nitrogen, ukukhula kwezitshalo kusheshisa, kuyilapho i-potassium ikhulisa amandla wezimpande ukuze ithathe izakhi ezivela enhlabathini ngokwengeziwe. Ngenxa yokusabela kwamakhemikhali lapho i-potassium nitrate yenza khona, ukuphefumula kwamaseli esitshalo kuthuthukiswa. Lokhu kuvuselela amasosha omzimba wezitshalo, ukunciphisa ingozi yezifo eziningi.
Lo mphumela unomthelela omuhle ekwandeni isivuno. I-nitassium nitrate ine-hygroscopicity ephezulu, okungukuthi, ihlakazeka kalula emanzini ukulungiselela izixazululo zokutshala izitshalo. Umanyolo kufanelekile kokubili izimpande kanye nokufaka umanyolo we-foliar, ifomu elomile nelomile. Isixazululo sisebenza ngokushesha, ngakho-ke kuvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni ukugqoka.
Ezolimo, i-potassium nitrate ibondliwa kakhulu ngama-raspberries, ama-blueberries, ama-strawberries, ama-beet, izaqathe, utamatisi, ugwayi namagilebhisi. Kodwa amazambane, isibonelo, thanda i-phosphorus, ngakho-ke lo manyolo ngeke ube ngusizo kuye. Akusizi ngalutho ukwengeza i-potassium nitrate futhi ngaphansi kwemifino, iklabishi nesithombo, ngoba ukusetshenziswa okunjalo komanyolo kuyoba okungenangqondo.
Umphumela wamanyolo we-nitrogen ngesimo se-potassium nitrate ezitshalweni ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi nokwandisa inani lesitshalo. Emva kokufaka umquba, i-pulp yezithelo namajikijolo agcwele ngokugcwele izithelo zikashukela, kanti ubukhulu bezithelo ngokwabo banda. Uma wenza ukugqoka esiteji sokubeka ama-ovari, khona-ke izithelo zizokwandisa impilo yesheluli yesithelo, zizohlala zigcina isikhathi sokuqala kwazo, impilo nokunambitheka.
I-Nitrate ye-Calcium
I-calcium nitrate, i-calcium nitrate noma i-calcium nitrate ngumanyolo oza ngesimo se-granules noma usawoti wamakristall futhi unomsoco kakhulu emanzini. Naphezu kokuthi umanyolo we-nitrate, awulimazi impilo yabantu uma izilinganiso nezincomo zokusetshenziswa zigcinwa, futhi kuletha izinzuzo ezinkulu ezitshalweni zezolimo nezokulima.
Ekubunjweni - 19% i-calcium ne-13% i-nitrogen. I-nitrogen ye-calcium yinhle ngoba ayikhulisi i-asidi yomhlaba, ngokungafani neminye inhlobo yamanyolo aqukethe i-nitrogen. Lesi sici sivumela ukusetshenziswa kwe-nitric calcium ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zenhlabathi. Umanyolo osebenza kahle ikakhulukazi usebenza emhlabathini we-sod-podzolic.
I-calcium ekhuthaza ukugcwala okugcwele kwe-nitrogen, okuqinisekisa ukukhula okuhle nokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo. Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwe-calcium, uhlelo lwempande lwesitshalo, olungenamsoco, lubhekene nendawo yokuqala. Izimpande ziyeka ukuthola umswakama nokubola. Kungcono ukhethe ama-granulated amafomu amabili akhona e-calcium nitrate, kulula ukubhekana nayo, ayifuni ngesikhathi sokusebenzisa futhi ayitholi umswakama emoyeni.
Okuyinhloko Izinzuzo ze-calcium nitrate:
- izinga eliphezulu lokubunjwa kohlobo oluhlaza lwezitshalo ngenxa yokuqiniswa kwamaseli;
- ukusheshiswa kwembewu yokuhluma kanye nezilimo eziyizigaxa;
- ukuvuselelwa nokuqinisa uhlelo lwempande;
- ukumelana nokwanda kwezifo, amabhaktheriya nesifungi;
- ukwandisa ubunzima bebusika kwezitshalo;
- ukuthuthukisa ukunambitheka kanye nezinkomba ezithintekayo zokuvuna.
Uyazi? I-nitrojeni isiza kahle ekulwa nezilwanyana ezinambuzane zezihlahla zezithelo, lapho irea ijwayele ukusetshenziselwa khona njenge-insecticide. Ngaphambi kokuba amaqabunga aqhakaze, umqhele kufanele ufakwe ngesixazululo se-urea (50-70 g ngalinye 1 l amanzi). Lokhu kuzosindisa izitshalo ezivela ezinambuzane ezihlaselwa emagqumeni noma enhlabathini ezungeze isiyingi somuthi. Ungadluli umthamo we-urea, ngaphandle kwalokho uzoshisa amaqabunga.
I-sodium nitrate
I-nitrate ye-sodium, i-nitrate ye-sodium noma i-sodium nitrate ayisetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo kanye nokulima, kodwa futhi embonini. Lawa amakristalu aqinile ombala omhlophe, ngokuvamile ephethe i-tint ephuzi noma e-grayish, enesibili kahle emanzini. Okuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen kwifomu ye-nitrate kungu-16%.
I-nitrate ye-sodium iyatholakala kumadiphozi wemvelo ngokusebenzisa inqubo yokukhipha i-crystallization noma i-synthetic ammonia, equkethe i-nitrogen. I-nitrate ye-sodium isetshenziswe ngokuqinile kuwo wonke izinhlobo zenhlabathi, ikakhulukazi amazambane, ushukela kanye nebheyi lezinyosi, imifino, izithelo nezithelo zamabhodlela nezimbali uma zisetshenziswa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo.
Ngempumelelo kakhulu isebenza ngenhlabathi enomsoco, ngoba liwumanyolo we-alkali, i-alkalizes inhlabathi kancane. I-nitrate ye-sodium isizibonakalise njengengubo ephezulu yokugqoka nokusetshenziswa lapho ihlwanyela. Umanyolo awunconywa ukuba usetshenziswe ekwindla, ngoba kunengozi ye-nitrogen ehamba emanzini angaphansi komhlaba.
Kubalulekile! Kuvinjelwe ukuxuba i-nitrate ye-sodium ne-superphosphate. Akunakwenzeka futhi ukuyisebenzisa emhlabathini we-saline, ngoba kakade usuqedile nge-sodium.
Urea
I-Urea, noma i-carbamide - i-crystalline igxile ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-nitrogen (kufika ku-46%). I-plus yilapho i-nitrogen e-urea kalula kalula ngaphakathi kwamanzi kuyilapho izakhi zingahambi emhlabathini ongaphansi. I-Urea inconywa ukuba isetshenziswe njengokondla ama-foliar, ngoba ithatha kahle futhi ingashisi amaqabunga, kuyilapho ihlonipha umthamo.
Ngakho-ke, i-urea ingasetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokukhula kwezitshalo, ifaneleka kuzo zonke izinhlobo nesikhathi sokusebenza. Umanyolo usetshenziselwa ukuhlwanyela, njengokugqoka okuyinhloko, ngokujula ama-crystals emhlabathini ukuze i-ammonia ingaphumeleli ngaphandle. Ngesikhathi sokuhlwanyela, kunconywa ukuba usebenzise i-urea kanye namakhomikhali e-potash, lokhu kusiza ukuqeda umphumela omubi urea ongawenza ngenxa yokutholakala kwe-biuret eyingozi engokwemvelo.
Ukugqoka i-foliar kwenziwa nge-gun spray ekuseni noma kusihlwa. Isixazululo se-urea (5%) asishintshi amaqabunga, ngokungafani ne-ammonium nitrate. Umanyolo usetshenziswa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zomhlabathi zokudla izitshalo eziqhakazayo, izitshalo nezithelo zamaberry, imifino kanye nezitshalo ezimpande. I-Urea ifakwe emhlabathini emasontweni amabili ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela ukuze i-biuret inesikhathi sokuqothula, ngaphandle kwalokho izitshalo zingase zife.
Kubalulekile! Ungavumeli umanyolo we-nitrogen oqukethe amaqabunga ezitshalo. Lokhu kubangela ukushisa kwabo.
Umquba we-nitrojeni wamanzi
Amakhomikhali e-liquid athola ukuthandwa kakhulu ngenxa yentengo engabizi: umkhiqizo uba ngu-30-40% ezishibhile kunabalingani bawo obuqinile. Cabangela okuyisisekelo liquid nitrogen umquba:
- I-ammonia yamanzi yi-nitrogen engumanyolo ogcwele kakhulu oqukethe u-82% we-nitrogen. Kuyinto elula engenabala (evuthayo) yomswakama ngephunga elithile elibukhali le-ammonia. Ukuze wenze ukugqoka nge-ammonia egazini, sebenzisa imishini ekhethekile evaliwe, ubeke umanyolo ekujuleni okungenani u-15-18 cm ukuze ungaqhumeki. Gcina ngamathangi akhethekile adibeneyo.
- Amaminia amanzi, noma ammonia aqueous - akhiqize izinhlobo ezimbili ngephesenti ehlukene ye-nitrogen 20% no-16%. Kanye namanzi ammonia, amanzi ammonia aqaliswa yimishini ekhethekile futhi agcinwe emathangi avaliwe okwenzelwe ukucindezela okukhulu. Ngokusebenza kahle, lezi zifaka umquba ezimbili zilingana nokufaka umanyolo oqinile we-nitrogen oqukethe i-crystalline.
- Ama-Ammonia atholakala ngokuhlanganiswa kwe-nitrogen fertilizer e-ammonia e-aqueous: i-ammonium ne-calcium nitrate, i-ammonium nitrate, i-urea, njll. Umphumela uba umanyolo omanzi ophuzi, oqukethe i-nitrogen engama-30 kuya kuma-50%. Ngokomphumela wazo ezitshalweni, ama-ammonia afaniswa namanyolo aqinile e-nitrogen, kodwa akuvamile kakhulu ngenxa yokuphazamiseka okusetshenziselwayo. I-Ammonacs ithuthwa futhi igcinwa ngamathangi a-aluminium asindile eyenzelwe ukucindezelwa okuphansi.
- Inhlanganisela ye-Urea-ammonia (i-CAM) iyisimanyolo esiphuthumayo se-nitrogen fertilizer esetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizeni izitshalo. Izixazululo ze-CAS zinezinzuzo ezingenakuphika ngaphezu kwamanye umquba we-nitrogenous. Inzuzo enkulu yizinto eziphansi ze-ammonia mahhala, okuqeda ukulahlekelwa kwe-nitrogen ngenxa yokungahambisani ne-ammonia ngesikhathi sokuhamba nokufakwa kwe-nitrogen enhlabathini, okubonakala lapho usebenzisa ammonia ne-ammonia. Ngakho-ke, asikho isidingo sokwakha izakhiwo zokugcina eziqinile ezinamathele kanye namathangi okuthutha.
Wonke umquba omanzi anezinzuzo zawo ngaphezu kweziqinile - ukugaya kahle kwezitshalo, ubude besikhathi eside besenzo kanye nekhono lokusabalalisa ngokulinganayo ukugqoka okuphezulu.
Njengama-fertilizer eziphilayo ungasebenzisa i-sideratis, amalahle, umlotha, u-sawdust, umquba: inkomo, izimvu, unogwaja, ingulube, ihhashi.
Amafutha we-Organic Nitrogen
I-nitrojeni itholakala ngobuncane obucishe cishe zonke izinhlobo zemifuno ephilayo. Cishe i-0.5-1% i-nitrogen iqukethe umquba; 1-1.25% - ama-drop droppings (okuqukethwe okuphezulu kunayo yenkukhu, amadada namajuba ama-droppings, kodwa futhi ayingozi kakhulu).
I-nitrogen fertilizer ye-Organic ingalungiselelwa ngokuzimela: izinqwaba zomquba eziqukethe i-Peat-based based to 1.5% nitrogen; kumquba kusuka emfuceni wasekhaya mayelana ne-1.5% ye-nitrogen. Ubukhulu obuhlaza (clover, lupine, clover sweet) aqukethe cishe u-0.4-0.7% we-nitrogen; amahlamvu aluhlaza - 1-1.2% i-nitrogen; ichi silt - kusuka ku-1.7 kuya ku-2.5%.
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphilayo kuphela njengomthombo we-nitrogen akufanele. Lokhu kungalimaza ikhwalithi yenhlabathi, kuyilungise futhi kunganikezeli ukudla okunomsoco we-nitrogen ezitshalweni. Kungcono ukunikeza okukhethekile ukusetshenziswa komanyolo we-mineral and organic nitrogen ukuze kufezeke umphumela omkhulu wezitshalo.
Izinyathelo zokuphepha
При работе с азотными удобрениями обязательно придерживаться инструкции по применению, соблюдать рекомендации и не нарушать дозировку. Второй важный момент - это наличие закрытой, плотной одежды, чтобы препараты не попали на кожу и слизистую.
Особенно токсичны жидкие азотные удобрения: аммиак и аммиачная вода. Qiniseka ukunamathela ngokuqinile emithethweni yokuphepha lapho usebenza nabo. I-tank isitoreji samanzi ammonia kumele igcwaliswe okungaphezu kuka-93% ukuze kugweme ukugawula ukushisa. Abantu kuphela abagqoke izingubo ezikhethekile zokuzivikela abaye bahlolwa, ukuqeqeshwa kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwemithi bavunyelwe ukusebenza ne-ammonia ekhethiwe.
Kuvinjelwe ukugcina umanyolo we-ammonia nokufeza noma yimuphi umsebenzi nawo eduze komlilo ovulekile (oseduze no-10 m). I-Fine-crystalline ammonium nitrate iphoqelelwe ngokushesha, ngakho ayikwazi ukugcinwa ekamelweni elinyene. Amakristali amakhulu kumele aphulwe ngaphambi kokudla, ukugwema ukugxila kokumanyolo endaweni eyodwa.
I-nitrate ye-sodium kufanele ifakwe emasakeni ezinhlanu ezinamaqabunga aphethwe ngezikhwama zeplastiki. Izikhwama zokuthutha ezinqoleni ezimboziwe, imikhumbi evaliwe kanye nokuthutha komgwaqo. Awukwazi ukuhlanganisa ngokuhlanganyela i-nitrate ye-sodium ngezinto ezivuthayo nokudla.
