URussula (lat. Russula) - Lezi zifungulu ezivame kakhulu emahlathini: zakha amaphesenti angama-30-45 wekhulu lamakhowe. Kuthiwa kanjalo ngoba ezinye zezinhlobo zazo zingadliwa eziluhlaza. Kunezibonelo ezidliwayo nezingenakulungiswa. Indlela i-russula ebukeka ngayo nendlela yokunquma ukuthi i-mushroom isifo esinobuthi phambi kwakho noma cha, ungathola kusuka kusihloko sethu.
Incazelo yomndeni uRussula
I-Russulae iyingxenye yama-mushroom agaric we-oda lomndeni wama-agaric womndeni wakwaSyrazhkov. Izitho zomzimba zazo zinyama, ezinkulu. Ukuze ufunde i-russula ehlathini ingaba emikhanyeni ekhanyayo, imibala ehlukene yama-caps enobubanzi obuyi-2-20 cm e-spherical, i-hemispherical, ene-bell enemizimba emhlophe nemilenze emhlophe eqondile. Ungafunda ngombala we-russula esigabeni esithi "Izinhlobo zokuhlukunyezwa". Ama-russula caps aphule kahle, okunciphisa ukubaluleka komnotho kulawa amakhowe. Njengoba bevuthwa, bashintsha isimo sabo, bavuleke, baphahlale futhi bahlotshiswe ngamapulangwe, ngezinye izikhathi baphenduka. Amakhomikhali anamathelethi ahlaselwa ngokushelela noma okubukhali. Umbala wengxabano uvela kumhlophe kuya ophuzi.
Uyazi? Ukuze unqume ukuthi yiluhlobo luni lwe-russula engokwalabo - ku-lamellar noma i-tubular, udinga ukubheka ngaphansi kwekhanda. Isendlalelo sayo esingaphansi sinamapuleti amaningi.
Ama-russules akhula ngoJulayi, ukubukeka kwabo okubukhulu kubhalwe ngo-Agasti nasekwindla yokuqala. Ngokuyinhloko, konke okudliwayo, ingxenye encane yazo ayifanelekile ngokudla ngenxa yobuthi obuthakathaka noma ukunambitheka okungathandeki. Kufanelekile ukusetshenziswa kwifomu entsha nefriji. Zifakwe esigabeni sesithathu samakhowe adle, okubandakanya amakhowe wokudla okulinganiselwe. Ezinye zihlelwe ngezansi ngoba azimeleli umsoco.
Abaningi bangase babe nesithakazelo kulo mbuzo, ngaphansi kweyiphi imithi iRussula ikhula. Iqiniso liwukuthi lawa amakhowe yizitshalo ze-mycorrhiza-ezakha izimpande zomuthi. Zingavame ukutholakala ngaphansi kwezinhlobo eziphilayo: i-oki, i-birch, i-alder, kanye ne-spruces kanye ne-pin. Amagundane aqukethe izinto eziningana eziwusizo, ikakhulukazi amavithamini - ku-1 kg wamakhowe kukhona u-264 mg we-vitamin B no-6 mg we-vitamin PP.
Uyazi? Okungcono kakhulu kokudla kubhekwa njenge-russula, embala wezinhlamvu eziluhlaza okwedlulele, okwesibhakabhaka, ophuzi nokubomvu okuncane.
Izinhlobo ze-syroezhek (enezithombe)
Esimweni se-Eurasia, e-Australia, eMpumalanga ye-Asia naseMelika, ngokuvamile emahlathini ase-coniferous and deciduous, kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-275 zezinselele, sinikeza incazelo emfushane yezinto ezivame kakhulu.
Uyazi? Ngenxa yokuthi umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo ze-syrups ayilutho, ngezinye izikhathi ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali noma ubufakazi obuncane obungadingeka ukuze kutholakale ngokunembile uhlobo lwefungus.
I-Russula edlayo
Iphuphu elimhlophe (isitshi esomile). Kubonakala kusukela ngoJulayi kuya ku-Okthoba emahlathini e-coniferous namaxube. Iyakwazi ukubona isikhwama esimhlophe, ngezinye izikhathi nge-patches ephuzi kanye nemiphetho emincane ye-pubescent. Ukuma kwe-cap kuhluka kusuka ku-convex kuya kumngcwabo. Umlenze omfushane, owenziwe phansi, omhlophe noma obomvu kancane. Esikhathini sokupheka, isobho esomile silungiselela isobho, izitsha ezithosiwe, okufakwe emathinini. Ukunambitheka kwakhe kuwubuhlungu.
I-russula ephuzi. Ikhula emahlathini anamanzi namahlathi e-birch-pine. Isikhathi sokubukeka ngoJulayi-Okthoba. Ekuqaleni kunesikhwama esiphuzi se-hemispherical. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lishintsha ku-flat and funnel. Ifinyelela ububanzi buka-5-10 cm. Isici sesici siyisikhumba esikhwameni sekhanda. Imilenze imhlophe. Amacwecwe asemhlophe, ngesikhathi senziwa ephuzi eliphuzi nelimpunga. I-russula ephuzi ibhalwa njengesigaba sesithathu samakhowe adlekayo. It has ukunambitheka okumnandi, non-caustic. Iqedile futhi isetshenziswe usawoti.
Russula blue. I-mushroom, etholakala emahlathini e-coniferous. Ikhishi enobubanzi obuyi-3-10 cm lidwetshiwe okwesibhakabhaka. Umbala awufani: ungaba omnyama-obomvu phakathi nendawo, ukhanyise ekugcineni. Umlenze ubumhlophe, u-3-5 cm high.
Russula eluhlaza. Umakhelwane wehlathi le-coniferous and deciduous. Kungabonwa yi-bonnet e-yellow-convex ephuzi ephuzi kuze kube ngu-10 cm ngosayizi. Naphezu kokubukeka kwayo okungenakuqhathaniswa nokungaqondakali, i-mushroom inomusa omuhle. It is salted, okuthosiwe futhi abilisiwe.
Uyazi? Uma uzibuza ukuthi yikuphi i-fungus enobuthi ongadibanisa kalula i-Russula eluhlaza nohlaza oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, khona-ke lena yi-toadstool eluhlaza. Kodwa-ke, i-syroezhek ayikho indandatho emlenzeni futhi ikhula ngaphansi.
Ukudla iRussula. Isigqoko sale russula sinombala omuhle futhi okhangayo - obomvu ngezindawo ezimpunga. Umlenze wakhe ubushelelezi, umhlophe. Iza ngoJulayi - Septemba. Ikhula ngokuyinhloko emahlathini acwebile kanye ne-coniferous.
Russula othosiwe. Kubonakala ngasekupheleni kwehlobo - amaqembu ekwindla zakuqala emahlathini amancane. It has a cap-on on dark obomvu green futhi brown eduze centre. Umlenze umhlophe nge-splashes ensundu phansi.
Marsh Russula. Ligama layo livela eqinisweni lokuthi livame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezixhaphazayo, amahlathi ephayini. Lapho i-russula marsh ikhula khona, ivame ukumanzi futhi kumanzi. Ikhula kusukela ngoJuni kuya kuSeptemba. Lapho usemncane unesikhwama sokuqhaqhazela, esikhathini esizayo sinobuhle. Idwetshwe obomvu, eduze nesikhungo - ensundu. Umlenze umhlophe, ufika nomthunzi obomvana. I-mushroom isiphundu, efanelekile ukubilisa, ukuthosa, ukukhamba kanye nokusawoti.
I-Russula e-Green. Ikhula kulo lonke ihlobo kuze ku-Okthoba. Ihlala emahlathini ahlambulukile ahlangene, ngokuvamile avame ngaphansi kwezihlahla ze-birch. I-cap enkulu - ibe ngu-15 cm ububanzi. In fungi encane syroezhek kuyinto hemispherical, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi iya convex noma phansi. Ipeyinti e-gray-eluhlaza noma eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ekuphekeni, isetshenziselwa ukuthosa, ukupheka nokusawoti ngemva kwe-blanching.
I-russula eluhlaza nokubomvu. Iqala ukukhula phakathi kwehlobo. Kubonakala ngesikhwama esikhulu se-convex-esesigxile kuze kube ngu-20 cm yemibala ekhanyayo: obomvu, ophuzi, obomvu. Unyawo lunokuphakama kuka-3-12 cm nobubanzi buka-4 cm, abamhlophe, ngezinye izikhathi nge-pink sheen.
I-Russula eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Amakhowe alezi zilwane angaqoqwa kusukela ngoJulayi kuya ku-Okthoba. Ama-caps alezi zilwane ngendlela ehlwanyelwe kahle yi-round-prostrate eluhlaza noma eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Umlenze ukhululekile, ikakhulukazi umhlophe, kodwa ungabomvu futhi ube obomvu. I-mushroom iyakuthanda okuhle. Ubungxenye yesigaba sesithathu.
Manje uyazi ukuthi izikhwama ezidliwayo zibukeka kanjani. Kukhona futhi isigaba samakhowe ezidliwayo ngokomzimba, okungaba nokudla okungajabulisi, okungafanele ukupheka, kodwa kufanelekile ukukhetha. Okudliwayo ngokomzimba kufaka: i-russule ensundu, intombazane, i-ocher, i-golden yellow, enhle, e-black penedgruzkakh, i-podgruzdok emhlophe, i-podgruzdok emnyama, i-walui, i-gray rusule nezinye.
Futhi-ke sizojwayelana nabameleli abangenakuthola emndenini.
Ama-russules angenayo
Ngokushesha kubalulekile ukwenza ukubhuka ukuthi ayikho i-syroezek enobuthi enombono oqondile wegama. Isigaba esingenakulinganiswa sihlanganisa amakhowe anesifo esinengqondo, esiphundu, phakathi kwawo angase abe nobuthakathaka noma obuhlungu, abangela ukucasula komlomo we-oral mucosa, ukuphazamiseka okuncane kwamathumbu lapho kulayishwa. Abaningi babo bavame ukuba nezibonakaliso zangaphandle ezifana nabazalwane abadliwayo, ngenxa yalokhu kuthiwa yi-russula yamanga. Amakhowe angabuthi onobuthi ahlanganisa: i-russula birch, ebomvu, i-pink, i-Kele, i-fragile, i-caustic, i-bilious nabanye.
Birch Russula. Izigqoko zale russula zinemibala ehlukahlukene ekhanyayo nemibala: obomvu, obomvu, obomvu, obomvu. Ifomu i-mycosis ne-birch izimpande. Ivela ngoJuni kuya kuNovemba.
Russula obomvu. Ikhula emahlathini ephayini ngasekupheleni kwehlobo - ekuqaleni kuka-Septhemba. Ikhanda laleli amakhowe lincane - kufika ku-6 cm, flat-convex, obomvu obomvu umbala. Le russula iphunga okuhle futhi inomusa omuhle.
Pink Russula. Kanye nezinhlobo zangaphambilini, zitholakala emahlathini ephayini ngo-Agasti-Septemba. Ikhanda lakhe ekuqaleni kwentuthuko linomumo womqondo, bese kuba phansi. Udwezwe nge-pink. Russula ukunambitheka okubabayo.
Kele Russula. Iqukethe encane encane 3-8 cm ububanzi. Ngezigaba ezahlukene zokuthuthukiswa, lishintsha umumo: luya kusuka e-circular-to-knees-ehambisana namaphethelo. Umbala we-shades wakhe omnyama - obomvu, obomvu, obomvu. Yenza umlenze obomvu obomvu. Ukunambitheka kwalolu russula kuyamnandi, iphunga liyamnandi.
Russula brittle. Ngokuvamile likhula ngamaqembu kuzo zonke izinhlobo zamahlathi. Isigqoko sakhe singu-3-5 cm, sihlala phansi-sithobele isikhumba esibomvu. Emaphethelweni esikhumba kukhona pink elula, brown in the center, purple nge umuthi tinge. Inyama iyisibhakabhaka, isiphuzo kuze kube mnandi.
Isifungi esiyingozi esidla yi-russula ye-Mayr kanye ne-russule yokushisa.
Russula kaMayra. I-Russula inezici eziningana zezici, incazelo emfushane izokusiza ukuthi uyiqaphele uma uhlangana futhi udlula. Okokuqala, kuyisikhumba esibomvu esicebile. Ekuqaleni isimo se-hemispherical, esicindezelekile, esicindezelekile kancane. Umlenze umhlophe, ungaba mnyama noma uphuzi phansi. Ikhula emahlathini e-beech. Uma isetshenziselwa ukucasula ubuthi obumnene.
I-Russula ivutha. Ihlala emahlathini anamanzi asephayini. Ibonakala ngekhanda elibomvu noma elibomvu elibomvu elilingana no-10 cm, flat-convex, kanye nesimo esilandelayo esilandelayo. It has ukunambitheka okuvutha amadlingozi kanye iphunga elimnandi.
Indlela yokwahlukanisa ukudla okudliwayo kusuka emagqumeni angenakulungiswa
Thola ukuthi ngabe i-mushroom i-Russula ngaphambi kwakho - edaywayo noma cha, ingaba ngezizathu eziningana. Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yokungasebenzi, inyama enomzimba, umbala omnyama wokuphela komlenze, akukho ukulimala yizibungu, amapuleti amahle, ifilimu noma ingubo emlenzeni yizici. Zonke izinhlobo ezingezona ezidliwayo ze-syrozhek, njengomthetho (kodwa hhayi ngaso sonke isikhathi), ube nombala okhwaza kakhulu futhi iphunga elimnandi. Uma ukuchoboza nokubilisa inyama kuyashintsha umbala.
Kubalulekile! Lezi zici zikhona kwezinye izinhlobo ezidliwayo zezingqinamba.
Kudingeka uqaphele kakhulu ukuba ungadibanisi i-russula eluhlaza neluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nge-toadstool enobuthi, efana nokunye. Nansi umehluko esakhiweni nombala wemilenze kanye nama-caps ongayithola awusizo.
Umlenze. Ku-russula iqondile, inganciphisa phansi, imhlophe. Esikhathini se-toadstool, sinqwabelana ngesisekelo ngesimo se-tuber, sinesicu esinezintambo ezikhanyayo noma eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma ezikhanyayo.
Hat. I-Pale grebe inefilimu ngaphansi kwe-cap.
Kubalulekile! Izikhumba ezindala ezinamabala angeke zibe nezimpawu zamakhowe ezinobuthi - amasongo emlenzeni.
Usizo lokuqala lwe-mushroom poisoning
Nakuba, njengoba sesibhalile kakade, i-russulae ayifaki ingozi enhle empilweni yomuntu, noma kunjalo, ngisho nangesifo esincane somuthi, ukudla i-fungus enobuthi kuyodinga usizo oluphuthumayo. Endabeni yezinkathazo, kuhlanzwa umlomo, mhlawumbe kubangele ukuhlanza nokugcoba esiswini. Uma kwenzeka ubuthi obubi ngamakhowe anobuthi, umonakalo emaphethelweni emathunjini, isimiso senhliziyo, i-CNS, isibindi nezinso kungenzeka. Kubalulekile ukusiza ngezimpawu zokuqala zobuthi. Njengoba, isibonelo, ukwelashwa kwezilonda ezibangelwa i-toadstool, eyenziwa ngosuku lwesibili, kuyobe sekuyize.
I-fungi ehlukahlukene enobuthi ibangela imiphumela ekhethekile uma ithathwa ngaphakathi, kodwa izoba nesifo sohudo, ukuhlanza, nokuhlukunyezwa kwesisu. Izibonakaliso zokuqala zobuthi zingase zivele ngezikhathi ezahlukene, kuye ngokuthi i-fungus idliwe. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, ukufaka ushevu nge-toadstool ephuzi kuzozibonakalisa ngaphakathi kwamahora angu-8-18, ngemigqa - emva kwamahora angu-6-10, nge-agarics ye-fly - emva kwemizuzu engama-30 noma amahora angu-2-6, ngamakhowe amanga - emva kwamahora angu-1-6. Ukuze ususe ubuthi emzimbeni, ungasebenzisa ukuhlanza. Isizathu sakhe, ukuphuza ingilazi yamanzi afudumele nge isipuni 1 sikasawoti noma 1 ithisipuni yesardada. Ungaphinde uvuselele ukuhlanza ngokuphuza inani elikhulu lamanzi apholile, bese ucindezela iminwe emibili engxenyeni yolimi.
Qinisekisa ukuthi ugeza isisu. Ngemuva kwenqubo, umuntu udinga ukusebenzisa amalahle acushiwe (amathebulethi angu-1-2 nge-1 kg yesisindo). Njengoba ubona, izinhlobonhlobo zezingxabano ziningi. Ngeshwa, akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezidakamizwa ezidliwayo nezingenakulungiswa. Ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nezici ezifana nombala, iphunga nokunambitha ngeke zikwazi ukusiza. Khumbula: ekungabazeni okuncane kakhulu ukuthi ngabe amakhowe ahle noma anobuthi phambi kwakho, kungcono ukuwuqeda.
