Zonke izakhamuzi zasehlobo zinecebo lokutshala endaweni yabo.
Isihlahla somvini yisitshalo esihlobisa ngokuphelele isakhiwo, futhi siletha izinzuzo ekukhuleni kwayo.
Amagilebhisi yisitshalo sasendulo kakhulu abantu abahlakulela kuso.
Ukubhekisela ekutshalweni kwalesi simila esikhathini esidala, kutholakala ezindaweni eziseduze neLwandle iMedithera, eCrimea naseCentral Asia.
Manje amagilebhisi yisitshalo esivamile kakhulu emhlabeni.
Amaqoqo amagilebhisi ahlukaniswa ngobukhulu bawo, umbala nokuhluka kwefomu.
I-berry yamagilebhisi ibalulekile kumuntu ngezici ezihlukahlukene ezibalulekile neziwusizo.
Ngokuqothula amagilebhisi, sithuthukisa isimiso sezinzwa, singasisiza ekuqothuleni futhi sikhulule ukukhathala.
Amakhomikhali ayisisekelo
Njengoba unqume ukutshala amagilebhisi, kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi kanjani, nini, kangakanani, nokuthi yiziphi izakhi kungcono ukutshala isitshalo ukuze ukhule futhi ugcine umvini otshalwe, kanye nokuthola isivuno esihle seberry. Lapho izitshalo zokuvuna ziphela, siya emakethe noma esitolo esikhulu samajikijolo nezithelo ezilethwe kungabikho owaziyo ukuthi kuphi, futhi, ngokufanayo, zikhule njengalokhu zingaziwa.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ulwazi olumayelana nomakhemikhali oluvuna nokuvikela izitshalo ezivela kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezifo nezinambuzane eziningi, kanye nokugwema ukusebenzisa lezi zinto, kuzuzisa kuphela abalandeli baletha izithelo nemifino.
Ukuze uthole isivuno esihle engadini yabo, bonke abanikazi kumele baqonde izinambuzane nezifo zezitshalo zensimu. Lokhu kuzovumela ukusetshenziswa okulungile kakhulu kwamalungiselelo okuvikelwa kwezitshalo zensimu, kanye nokwazi ukuthi izitshalo ngayinye zidinga nini futhi zingaki.
Okokuqala, sizokuqonda nokuthi singakanani ukutshala isitshalo samagilebhisi ukuze kube nokulimala okuhle futhi okuphezulu ensimini yayo. Futhi futhi yini okudingeka ifike emhlabeni ukuze uthole ukudla kwayo.
Uma utshala amagilebhisi, kubalulekile ukuphonsa umanyolo emgodini wokutshala. Isitoreji sezinto ezidingekile ezilethwe ngale ndlela kuyoba usizo emhlathini osemusha kwenye iminyaka engu-2-3. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, isihlahla sizokwakha futhi siqale ukuthela izithelo, futhi isidingo sokwenza umkhiqizo ezakhiweni sizokhula. Isihlahla somvini senza amagugu amaningi emhlabathini.
Ngako-ke, njalo ngonyaka, ukuze isivuno esihle kanye nokukhula kwalesi sitshalo, izakhi zenziwe ngendlela efanele ngokulingana. Kungaba i-phosphorus, ne-nitrogen, ne-potassium, ne-magnesium, esetshenziselwa izinhlanganisela ezihlukahlukene. Ukudla kuhlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu:
1) okuyinhloko;
2) ukudla.
Amaminerali amaminerali
Ukuvunwa kwanoma yikuphi isitshalo, namagilebhisi, ngokuqondile kuxhomeke ekutheni kanye nesikhathi sokufakelwa komsoco emhlabeni. Khumbula ukuthi izinto eziyisisekelo zisetshenziswa kanye, ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, kanye njalo eminyakeni emibili, noma ngendlela efanayo, kodwa ekwindla.
Izitshalo ezisekelwe kokuqukethwe kwamaminerali ihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili:
1) elula
2) eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Ake sikhulume kancane ngabo.
Amaminerali alula Zine-macrocell eyodwa, okungaba yi-phosphorus, i-nitrogen, ne-potassium. Iqembu elilula lamaminerali aqukethe i-nitrogen, ihlanganisa i-urea, i-ammonium nitrate, i-nitrate ye-sodium, i-sodium nitrate ne-ammonium sulfate.
I-nitrogen kuthinta kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwamagilebhisi nokukhula kwawo. Uma ngokuzumayo emhlabeni ungenele okwakungenalutho, ukukhula kwesihlahla kuphazamiseka. Amaqabunga aphenduka aphuzi abuye afe, amaqoqo akhuphuka kahle. Uma umhlaba ugcwele phezu kwe-nitrogen - amaqabunga ehlathini lamagilebhisi akhula kakhulu, izithelo ziyanda, futhi ziqala ukuvuthwa kancane futhi ziba ngamanzi, amahlumela akhula ngokushesha, futhi ngenxa yalokho, azibekezeli ukuqina okuqinile ekushiseni.
Okusemqoka phakathi kwama-nitrogenous namuhla urea. I-nitrogen kuyo - 46%.
I-Urea ikhiqizwa yi-granules, ngakho-ke i-soluble ngokuphelele. It isetshenziswa kokubili liquid futhi granules. Lesi sakhi sinamathele kahle izitshalo. I-Urea iphinde ithinte umhlabathi we-acid.
Ama-granules avame ukunikezwa futhi ammonium nitrate, eliphinde limele inani le-nitrogen. Iphethe i-nitrogen engama-35%. I-ammonium nitrate inomswakama kakhulu emanzini nasemhlabathini. Uma endaweni lapho izithelo zomvini zikhula khona, kunomhlabathi omuncu, lo umanyolo unqanyuliwe yi-lime ngaphambili. Ingxenye isetshenziswe: 1 kg we-saltpeter kanye no-600-700 g we-lime isivele isuliwe.
Ukwakhiwa i-nitrate ye-sodium kunqunywe isilinganiso se-16% kuya ku-26% (i-nitrogen ne-sodium, ngokulandelana). Lesi sici senziwe ngokucophelela emanzini, futhi ezimweni ezimanzi - nasemhlabathini. Udinga ukwazi ukuthi i-hygroscopicity ye-nitrate ye-sodium iholela ekugodini ngesikhathi sokugcina, ngakho-ke ayigcinwa isikhathi eside. Lesi yisisombululo se-alkali, futhi sisetshenziselwa kuphela emhlabathini owumile, kuyilapho mhlawumbe ihlanganiswa ne-superphosphate yezinto eziphilayo.
Emhlabathini ongathathi hlangothi, noma nge-reaction alkaline, esetshenzisiwe i-ammonium sulphate (i-ammonium sulphate) equkethe i-nitrogen engama-21%. Lo umanyolo usuquguqule ngokuphelele, futhi awuhlanzwa enhlabathini ngamanzi. Le ndawo ivumela ukusetshenziswa komanyolo emhlabathini omanzi. Ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa enhlabathini e-acidium, u-Amonium unqanyuliwe ngokucinywa nge-lime, ethathwe ngokulinganisela okulinganayo nalo. Phakathi nesitoreji, lesi sixuku sincike.
Ukubaluleka okubalulekile okuthinta ukusheshiswa kokuqala kwezimbali zezihlahla zomvini i-phosphorus. Lesi sici siyadingeka nakumasiko amajikijolo, njengoba kubangelwa ukuvuthwa okusheshayo. Enye i-phosphorus inikeza amandla omvini amandla ebusika. Izitshalo eziqukethe i-phosphorus yi-superphosphate (engashadile neyesibili).
Okuthandwa kakhulu kwi-phosphoric, i-superphosphate elula, ephethe u-21% we-phosphorus ne-gypsum. Umanyolo usuquguqule ngokuphelele emanzini futhi usebenza ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zenhlabathi.
I-superphosphate kabili iqukethe i-phosphoric acid engenani lama-50% wezinto eziyinhloko. Lo mkhiqizo awuqukethe i-gypsum, nakuba le mithi isebenzayo kanye ne-superphosphate. Akunamathele emzimbeni.
Esinye esibaluleke kakhulu emndenini wezithelo zomvini isici se-potassium. Ithinta ukuvuthwa kwamajikijolo nokukhula kwesihlahla samavini ngokwayo. Lesi sici sinikeza amandla emvinini ngenxa yobusika, kusiza ukukhuthazelela isomiso nezifo. Iphinde ithinte okuqukethwe kokushukela ejerry yensimbi futhi inciphise i-asidi yayo. Ukungabi khona kwe-potassium kubonisa imiphetho efile yamaqabunga. Leli qembu lama-fertilizer liqukethe usawoti we-potassium, i-potassium sulphate ne-chloride, i-potassium magnesia, i-potassium sulphate kanye nokulungiselela "i-Ecoplant".
I-potassium usawoti - ummeleli we-potash amaningi, equkethe i-potassium engu-40%. Iqukethe ne-chlorine eningi. I-potassium usawoti unombala obomvu. Zilethe ekwindla ngezinye izikhathi futhi cishe azange zisetshenziswe kwezinye izikhathi zonyaka. Ukuphefumula ngokuphelele emanzini, okuhlanzwa kancane kancane emhlabathini. Ukuxuba le nto nezinye izakhi kuvunyelwe.
Umanyolo oqukethe i-potassium engu-45-50% i-potassium sulfate. Lokhu ukugqoka okuphezulu kunazo zonke kusuka ebangeni le-potashi, elingenalo i-chlorine. Esikhathini esitshalweni esakhiwe yilokulungiselela ukulungiselela amajikijolo kuthuthukiswa kakhulu. Ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke kuvunyelwe ukuxuba nezinye izakhi.
Ukwakhiwa kwe-calimagnese kuhlanganisa i-30% ye-potassium, i-9% ye-magnesium kanye nesinye isibabule. Ngokusho kwezakhiwo zalo zenyama, i-calmagnezia iyinhlanganisela ye-powder emanzini nasenhlabathini kusuka kwamakhemikhali. Isetshenziswa kokubili ukudla okuyinhloko, nokugqoka okuphezulu. Ukwethulwa kwe-calimagnese kuphumelela kakhulu emhlabathini olula ongenawo i-magnesium.
Ngaphakathi uchungechunge lwamaminerali amaminerali anzima, faka izingxube ze-macronutrients zezinto eziningana. Leli qembu lifaka:
1) ammophos,
2) i-nitroammofosk,
3) i-azophoska
4) i-nitroammophos.
I-nitrojeni ne-phosphorus ingena ku-ammophos, inhlanganisela ye-12% kuya ku-50% ngokulandelana. Iqukethe kahle emanzini.
I-nitroammofosk - into equkethe izinto ezifana ne-nitrogen, i-phosphorus ne-potassium, inhlanganisela ye-17% / 17% / 17%, ngokulandelana. Isetshenziselwa kokubili njengesisekelo kanye nokukhuthaza ukudla.
Cabanga ngokuqinile nge-azofoska, ephethe i-phosphorus, i-potassium ne-nitrogen, ngokwesilinganiso se-16% kuya ku-16% no-16%. Isebenza emhlabathini ohlukile. Ayinyatheliswa ngesikhathi sokugcina.
Isidakamizwa i-Nitroammophos yinto ebuye ibe yinkimbinkimbi eningi. Iqukethe i-nitrogen ne-phosphorus, ethathwe ngokuhlanganyela kusuka ku-16% kuya kuma-25% we-nitrogen futhi kusuka ku-20% kuya ku-23% i-phosphorus. Ukuphefumula ngokuphelele emanzini. Isetshenziswa kabanzi ngesikhathi somanyolo oyinhloko nesisizayo.
Okunye okuthakazelisayo ukufunda ngezinhlobo zemagilebhisi ngezilimi
Umanyolo we-Organic
Uchungechunge lwezinto eziphilayo luhlanganisa:
1) umanyolo wezilwane,
2) umquba
3) izinyoni zezinyoni,
4) i-peat,
5) umlotha okhuni.
Zonke ziqukethe: i-potassium, i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus nezinye izakhi. Udaba lwe-organic olusetshenziswa enhlabathini luyithuthukisa ngezakhi ezihlukahlukene eziwusizo. Lokhu kuthuthukisa isimo somhlabathi, imibuso yayo eshisayo kanye nomoya wamanzi. Futhi ngalezi zifaka umquba, amabhaktheriya anenzuzo ahlanganiswa. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ukufakwa kwesidakamizwa ngesikhathi sokubeka imivini kuyimpoqo.
Amakhomikhali asemqoka:
Umquba omile, ingenye yezolimo zomquba ezinhle kunawo wonke. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukungeniswa kwesilonda esisha akukhuthazwa, kuthinta okuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen emhlabathini. Lo umanyolo usetshenziswa ekwindla.
Izinyembezi zezinyoni - inokuqukethwe okukhulu kwezakhi ezisebenzayo. Ulethwa emhlabathini ekwindla, futhi zondliwa yizitshalo zasehlobo nasentwasahlobo. Ngaphambi kokwenza isisindo sivuthwe, bese sihlanjululwe ngamanzi 1: 2, bese sishiya izinsuku ezingu-14 ukuze sivutshe. Ubuningi obuqediwe buhlanjululwe ngamanzi 1: 5, futhi ngemuva kwalokho kuphela abangakwazi ukutshala isihlahla, ngokulinganisa isigamu ibhakede kwisitshalo ngasinye.
Okuyinhloko, phakathi kwama-fertilizer ochungechungeni lwezinto eziphilayo, umquba. Lesi silingo esiwusizo silula futhi kulula ukuyilungisa, siqondiswa yizilandelayo. Lapho amanzi ehamba kahle emvuleni, enza umgodi, ngemuva kwalokho ubizwa ngokuthi umquba, ngenkathi uwugubungela ngobude obungenakuphikisana ngendlela yomsele 1.5-2 m ububanzi kanye no-1 m ubujulile.
Khona-ke izinsalela zezitshalo, imfucuza yezilwane, utshani, i-peat, i-wood sawdust, i-home cooking waste Ukuze uthole ukuvuthwa okungcono, umquba we-compost uxutshwe ngokuphelele, bese uhliswa. Ukuze uthuthukise ikhwalithi yayo nokuqukethwe, noma yimuphi omunye umanyolo wengeziwe kumquba.
Gcwalisa amagilebhisi futhi peat. Kodwa kuhlanzekile akusetshenzisiwe. Ku-peat kunamakhemikhali afanayo ayingozi ezitshalweni. I-Peat ibonakala nge-asidi nomsebenzi ophansi wezinto eziphilayo. Ngokuvamile lisetshenziswe ngesikhathi sokuhlangana komhlaba.
Ungakwazi ukufaka izithako ze-potash ukhuni lomlotha. Lesi sici sisetshenziswa kathathu kuya kwesihlanu ngaphezu komanyolo we-potash. Umlotha ongcono kakhulu umlotha ovela emithini yezithelo ezivuthayo kanye namagilebhisi anqunyiwe.
Umhlabathi uvuthwa ngendaba ephilayo njalo eminyakeni emibili. Ngenxa yokungabi namandla okuncane, kukhishwa kuphela ekwindla. Isihlahla ngasinye sinikeza u-6-8 kg womanyolo. Yenza ngaphambi kokuvuna, eduze kwesihlahla, umgodi.
Ukuze unqume inani elidingekayo lomanyolo, ekwindla, emva kokuvuna, isitshalo sisilinganisiwe. Ukwazi isisindo sesitshalo, ungabala cishe inani lomanyolo okudingeka ukwenze.
Ukugqoka okuphezulu
Okubaluleke kakhulu kuzo zonke izitshalo ukugqoka kwenhlabathi. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi uma kwenzeka ukuntuleka okucacile kwezinto ezithile, ungenza ukugqoka okuncane. Khona-ke ukuvunwa kwamajikijolo kutholakala ngesamba esincane, kodwa kuyoba ngokuphelele eco-friendly. Indlela yokuyikhiqiza ngamagilebhisi, futhi ngasiphi isikhathi esiyicabangela ngokulandelayo.
Isikhathi
Izitshalo zamaminerali zikhiqizwa ngonyaka, isitshalo ngasinye sodwa, sinikeza ama-20-30 g we-nitrogen, ama-40-50 g we-phosphorus ne-potassium. Umanyolo wokuqala eyenziwa entwasahlobo, ngokwenza ama-40-50 g we-nitrogen, 40 g we-superphosphate kanye no-30 g we-potassium ngesitshalo ngasinye. Owesibili - kwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba izimbali ziqale ezinsukwini ezingu-10-15, ngokusebenzisa isitshalo esisodwa: 40-50 g we-nitrogen fertilizer, 50 g we-superphosphate kanye no-40 g we-potassium. Ungakwazi ukulungisa imifino yenkukhu ekulungele, inani lama-1-2 amabhakede esisombululo ngasinye.
Okwesithathu Ukutshala umquba kuqhutshwa ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi, lapho amajikijolo ekhula aze afane ne-pea. Ukukhiqiza ngesikhathi sokunisela, ukuchitha 25-35 g wezinto ngamalitha angu-10 amanzi. Okwesine - ukukhiqizwa lapho amajikijolo avuthwa. Benza lokhu ngokufaka ama-gramu ama-50 we-potash ne-phosphate fertilizer kwisitshalo ngasinye.
Ukugqoka okuphezulu kwe-Foliar
Ukudla kwe-Foliar kuhlangene nokwelashwa kwe-fungicidal kwesiko. Kule ndaba, okokuqala ngesikhatsi isihlahla sihlanjululwa ngaphambi kokuchichima, okwesibili - lapho i-berry iqala ukuqala, okwesithathu - ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa kwehron, kanti yesine - lapho ubhejane beba buthaka. Kuthathwe kusihlwa lapho umoya uhamba. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukudla okuphakelayo akukhiphi esikhundleni sempande eyodwa, futhi kuyongezwa ekugcineni.
Indlela yokufaka umanyolo
Ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukutshala umhlabathi, funda imithetho embalwa yokwethulwa kwezakhi zomanyolo emhlabathini. Kunemithetho yokudla okuphephile, nemithetho yokudla okujwayelekile komhlaba ngezinto ezakhiwa izakhi kanye nezinzuzo.
Indlela yokugqoka i-foliar
Ukuphalaza Ingaphansi kweqabunga lamagilebhisi ingxube yamanzi enomsoco, ebizwa ngokuthi ukudla okunamafutha. Ukucubungula okunjalo ngendlela engcono kakhulu kukuvumela ukuba uthathe izakhi eziwusizo kumagilebhisi. Ukwengeza, lokhu kuthola isivuno se-agronomic kuyimpoqo yokukhiqiza isivuno esihle. Phonsa isiko ngendlela yokuthi lo mkhiqizo ukhiphe amaqabunga ehlathini ngamaconsi amancane, kanye namahlumela alo.
Ukutshala izimpande ezengeziwe kufanele kwenziwe kusihlwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isimo sezulu siyisici esibaluleke kakhulu ekwenzeni le nqubo, njengoba izinga lokushisa nokukhanyisa kuthinta ukukhipha izinto ezidingekayo ngesitshalo samagilebhisi.
Okuhle kunazo zonke kubhekwa njengosuku oludutshulwayo olunomswakama ophakathi nendawo yokushisa emoyeni kwama-18-22 degrees. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, amaqabunga ahlanjululwe esitshaleni ahlale emanzi isikhathi eside, futhi lokhu kuthuthukisa ukungena kwezakhi zomvini zibe ngamagilebhisi.
Ukuvuselelwa kwe-foliar kwenziwa izakhi eziyinhloko: i-phosphorus, i-nitrogen, i-potassium, futhi futhi, ama-microelements: ama-manganese, i-boron, ithusi, i-cobalt, i-zinc, i-molybdenum. Namuhla, kunamalungiselelo amaningi alungiselelwe okuhloswe ukuba athole ama-foliar.
Amathiphu
Ngakho-ke, ukuze ukhule i-shrub ye-chic yemifino yamagilebhisi, futhi ngesikhathi esisodwa, ukwenza kube ngusizo ngangokunokwenzeka futhi ulethe izithelo ezinhle, kufanele ulandele le mithetho eyisisekelo:
1) ukondla isitshalo ngesikhathi esifanele,
2) ukunquma umvini ngokufanele futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi,
3) ngesikhathi sokutshala - ugeze kahle.
Akufanele sikhohlwe ukuthi ukunakekelwa nothando kubalulekile ekunakekeleni konke okuphilayo kule planethi. Nikeza ukushisa kolwandle esitshalweni, unakekele ngokucophelela, futhi kuzokubonga ngezithelo ezihlwabusayo.
