Njenganoma imuphi umuthi wegadi, iplamu inesikhathi sayo kanye nezidingo zokutshala.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba uzicabangele, ngoba iphutha elincane lingakunciphisa kokubili umuthi ngokwawo kanye nokuvuna okulinde isikhathi eside.
Kulesi sihloko sichaza zonke izici nezinhlelo zokutshala iplamu, sikutshele ukuthi ungayikhetha kanjani indawo efanele futhi uyinakekele kulo lonke isikhathi sokukhula.
Ukulungiselela ukufika: yini okufanele ucabange?
Izihlahla zebhilidi zitholakala ikakhulukazi ngezindlela zokuzalanisa, ngenxa yokuwela izinhlobo ezahlukene. Kulokhu akulona nje ukunambitheka kwesithelo, kodwa futhi yisiphi isifunda esifanele kakhulu esihlahleni, siyini ubungako bayo, ukumelana nesithwathwa nezinambuzane ezihlukahlukene.
Ngakho-ke, isigaba esibaluleke kakhulu sokulungiselela ukutadisha zonke izinhlobo ze-plums, ukukhetha kulabo owabathandayo kakhulu futhi kufanelekile esifundeni sakho sezulu.
Ukukhetha indawo efanele ye-plums
Isigaba sesibili sokulungiselela ipulazi lokutshala ukukhethwa kwendawo efanelekayo yokukhula kwayo. Ngokuyinhloko, kufanele cabangela izinga lokukhanyaKungakhathaliseki ukuthi ezinye izihlahla noma izakhiwo ngeke zifake umuthi.
Ngisho nalapho ubeka ingadi, kubalulekile ukucabangela ibanga phakathi kwezihlahla bese uqaphela ukuthi likhulu kangakanani. Uma iplamu iwela emthunzini, izokhula kakhulu, amaqabunga ayo angahle aphuzi. Kanti futhi, shading enamandla kakhulu ingabangela ukuwohloka kwezinga lesitshalo kanye nosayizi wesithelo.
Futhi amaplamu ayithandi imimoya, ngoba nje bayakwazi ukushaya izimbali zabo futhi bakunciphise isivuno. Ngakho-ke, ukukhululeka kwendawo ozoya kuyo ukutshala iplamu kufanele kube yi-wavy ebanzi futhi ube nemithambekeni emnene.
Ngenxa yalokhu, ukugeleza kwamanzi omuhle kuzohlinzekwa ngezinkuni - umoya obandayo awufanelekile, futhi ngeke uqoqe endaweni eyodwa. Leyo ndawo, lapho kunezinqwaba zezintambo kanye nama-yars, ngeke isebenze.
Sakhetha inhlabathi
Inhlabathi engcono kakhulu for plums loess loam kanye ne-sandy loam. Kuhle kakhulu uma ngaphansi kwalezi zinhlobo zenhlabathi kukhona izitshalo ezivuthayo noma izitshalo ezilahlekile ngenani elikhulu le-sandy loam kubo.
I-Plum inesimiso esihle kakhulu sempande, okungekho esimweni esingafanele sikhishwe ngamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, nakuba iplamu iyisihlahla esinomsoco kakhulu.
Ngakho, izinga eliphezulu lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba yi-1.5 -2 metres. Uma ziphakeme - indlela engcono kakhulu yimizila ekhethekile yamanzi eguzwa eduze kwensimu. Bazokhipha wonke amanzi angadingekile.
Akufanele ucabange ngisho nokutshala ama-plums kumhlabathi we-peat-marshy, kanye nalapho kukhona khona umhlabathi noma udonga olunobumba nesibhakabhaka endaweni engaphansi kwamamitha
Kubalulekile ukwazi lokho ngemuva kokuqothula imifino yezitshalo ulinde okungenani iminyaka engu-4-5 ngaphambi kokubeka entsha endaweni efanayo. Phela, izihlahla zangaphambilini sezivele zidonsa zonke izinto ezidingekayo kakhulu emhlabathini, ngakho-ke kuyoba nzima ukuba umuthi omncane uthathe izimpande ezindaweni ezifanayo.
Imithetho yokulungiselela inhlabathi yokutshala izithombo
Ngaphambi kokutshala insimu ye-plum, inhlabathi ivumbwe kahle kangangokuba igubha ngomoya owanele.
Kunconywa ukuthi usebenzise imifino ehlukahlukene yezidakamizwa nezamaminerali emhlabathini ophansi wokuzala, ozokwandisa ukuzala kwawo. Into eyinhloko ukuthi ukulungiselela kufanele kwenziwe kusengaphambili, eminyakeni engu-2-3 emva kokubeka ingadi yeplamu.
Kuze kube yilokhu, izihlahla ezinkulu akufanele zikhule esakhiweni, emva kwalokho kuzoba nezakhi ezincane ezishiyelwe amapulazi.
Ukutshala izithombo zamaplamu
Ama-plums amaningi aphakathi kwezihlahla ezide noma ezide ezithatha indawo enkulu engadini. Ngakho-ke, cabangela awudingi kuphela ukuthi uzotshala yini umuthi, kodwa futhi ukuthi kude kangakanani ukuhamba kusuka kwezinye izilwane ezifuywayo.
Ukuhlelwa kwensimu yeplamu
Ibanga eliphakathi kwama-plums kufanele libe njalo kangangokuthi alingafihli futhi cishe akufinyeleli ngamagatsha umuthi owodwa omunye. Lokhu ngeke nje kuvumele ukuba bathole ukukhanya kwelanga, kodwa ngeke kube nzima ukunyakaza engadini kanye nokuvunwa.
Ngakho-ke, uma i-plums i-sredneroslye, khona-ke ibanga phakathi kwemithi yomugqa owodwa kufanele libe okungenani ngamamitha amabili. Uma lezi zihlahla zinamandla, kufanele zikhuphuke zibe ngamamitha amathathu. Isikhala sendawo phakathi kwamanzi aphakathi kufanele okungenani ibe ngamamitha angu-4, futhi ngokukhululeka leli banga likhuphukela kumamitha angu-4.5.
Into ebaluleke kakhulu okumele uyikhumbule lapho ubeka ingadi ukuthi iningi lezihlahla endaweni yakho ngeke uzuze izitshalo eziningi, ngisho noma uthola umhlabathi njalo. Phela, izihlahla azidingi kuphela izakhi kanye nokukhanya kwelanga, kodwa futhi isikhala sesistimu yabo yezimpande.
Imigomo yokutshala iplamu
Ngokuvamile kaningi I-Plum itshalwe entwasahlobo. Kwezinye izindawo ezisenyakatho, ekwindla izokwenza. Kodwa-ke, ekwindla kunengozi enkulu ukuthi umuthi omncane ngeke ube nesikhathi sokujwayela umhlabathi omusha futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu uzokhipha ubusika.
Ukutshala izitshalo kwenziwa kakade ngosuku lwesishiyagalolunye emva kokuba inhlabathi yokutshala iplamu isuswe ngokuphelele kusuka ku-frost. Isikhathi esinqunyiwe sokufika asikona isikhathi eside, kuphela izinsuku ezingu-10-15 kuphela.
Uma uhlwanyela isihlahla kamuva, kungase kuqhubeke kakhulu noma kubonakaliswe izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nokushukela komswakama. Kanti futhi, uma isitsha sesitsha sishintshwa ngosuku oluthile, siyoba nesikhathi sokuqhakaza endaweni efanayo yokukhula futhi ngeke siphumelele esimweni esinjalo esisha.
Ukulungiselela umgodi wokutshala
I-Pit ithuliwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi Amaviki amabili ngaphambi kokufika. Lokhu kwenziwa ukuze kuqala ukulayisha ingxube yemifuno ephilayo kanye nenhlabathi evundile phansi bese uyivumela ukuba ixazulule ngaphambi kwesikhathi sokutshala ngokuqondile kwenzalo.
Ngesizathu esifanayo, umgodi kufanele ube ojulile ngokwanele, cishe amasentimitha angama-60. Ububanzi bayo kufanele bufane.
Uma ugoba umgodi, kunconywa ukuba ushaye ngokushesha isigxobo kulo, lapho uzobopha khona kamuva umquba. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ibanga phakathi kwalo nomuthi kumele okungenani libe ngu-15 cm. Isibalo kufanele sitholakale enyakatho yesithombo.
Izidingo eziyisisekelo zokufika ngokuqondile
Uma uqala ukutshala isithombo, kubalulekile ukucabangela izidingo ezilandelayo ezibaluleke kakhulu:
- Intamo yentambo yomuthi kumele ihlale ingaphezu kwenhlabathi yomhlaba ngamasentimitha angu-2-5. Kamuva, nge-subsidence yenhlabathi, izocwilisa kancane kancane yedwa. Kodwa-ke, akudingekile ukuba uyinqobe ngokukhuphula isithombo ngaphezu kwenhlabathi, ngoba kukhona ingozi yokuhlanza nokumelela izimpande.
- Gcwala insimu kuphela ngenhlabathi, ngaphandle kokuhlanganiswa kwezimila ezihlukahlukene. Uma usugcwalisile imbewu, kubalulekile ukugcoba phansi ngokuzungezile kahle kakhulu kangangokuthi akukho moya eduze nezimpande (kungabangela ukumiswa kwesistimu yamahhashi).
- Kusukela emhlabathini, okwakubanjwe kusukela phansi phansi komgodi, isilonda esincane senziwe esihlahleni, okuzosiza ekutheni amanzi aphuze kakhulu nge-seedling.
Ukuhamba ngemva kokufika
Ngakho ngokushesha ngemva kokutshala ukupholisawakhe kudingekile ukuba amanzi. Kodwa-ke, ngisho noma inhlabathi imanzi ngemuva kokuqhaqhaqhwa kweqhwa, ukuchelela kufanele kube yinto evunyelwe, kuphela ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi amancane kuphela.
Inani elidingekayo lamanzi ngomuthi kufanele kube okungenani amabhakede amathathu. Njengoba iplamu ithanda umswakama, ngemva kokuphela kwamasonto amabili kungabuyekezwa. Futhi, inhlabathi ezungeze isiqu kufanele ihlanganiswe i-peat noma i-humus, ezosiza ekugcineni ukugcina umswakama.
Kuyathakazelisa nokufunda mayelana nokunakekelwa nokutshala kwezinhlobonhlobo ze-plums.
Imithetho esemqoka yokunakekela iplamu
Umuthi weplamu kanye nensimu yonke ayidingi ukunakekelwa nokunakekelwa okuningi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izihlahla zezithelo. Kodwa-ke, ukuze uthole izitshalo ezivuthiwe futhi ezivuthiwe, akuzuzi nje ukutshala umuthi, kodwa futhi ukwakha uhlelo olufanele lokuvikela lesi sihlahla ezinambuzane ezihlukahlukene.
Indlela yokuvimbela ukunqotshwa kwezifo ze-plum kanye nezinambuzane ngesikhathi?
Okokuqala, udinga ukuthola ukuthi yiziphi izifo ezihlukahlukene ozitshalile esakhiweni sakho okungukumelana nokuthi yiziphi izinambuzane ezingalimaza. Esikhathini sokuma kwemithi yamazolo ukuhlola ukuhlolwa kwensimu ngezikhathi ezithile, ucabange ukuthi yiziphi izinambuzane ezivela ezihlahleni zakho.
Elula futhi kakhulu izindlela ezithembekile zomzabalazo nezinambuzane nezifo ze-fungal ukusika izihlahla kanye nokuvutha kwamagatsha awonakele. Ukushisa kudinga futhi konke okuwa emaceleni ama-plum kanye nezithelo ezonakalisiwe. Entwasahlobo, ngaphambi kokuqala kwamazinga okushisa aphezulu (kuze kube ngu-10 degrees Celsius), izinambuzane ezizama ukuhlala phansi iplamu kufanele zivele zithunjiswe futhi zibhujiswe.
Yiqiniso, izindlela ezisebenzayo zokuvimbela izifo ezihlukahlukene kanye nokulimala kwesihlahla yizinambuzane kukhona ukwelashwa ngosizo lwamakhemikhali.
Uma umuthi wakho ushaywa yi-scythe noma umlindi wamanga, ngaphambi kokuvuthwa komuthi futhi ngaphambi kokushisa kwe-air kufika ku-5 ° C, lesi sihlahla kufanele siphathwe nge-nitrophene, sibe nengxube ye-3%. Ngakho-ke, usengakwazi ukubulala imikhaza kanye nama-aphid, asekhona ebusweni bebusika obulele.
Entwasahlobolapho iplamu igcwele, yayo inqubo yemingcele ye-bordeaux i-1% yokuhlushwa. I-Bordeaux acid ingafakwa esikhundleni se-4% ye-polycarbocin concentration. Endabeni yokugcina, ukuchithwa kufanele kuphindwe ngisho nangemva kokucubungula iplamu.
Ukuze silwe nezimbungu ezithinta amaqabunga e-plum, emva kwesikhathi sokuvuna, umuthi uphathwa ngezidakamizwa ezifana ne-dendrobatsilin, i-entobakterin (1% yokuhlushwa). Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukusetshenzwa kwe-plums ngalezi zilungiselelo kufanele kwenziwe ngesikhathi sokushisa okungesihle kune-15ºะก.
Ukulwa nama-aphid kunenkinga yezidakamizwa ezifana ne-karbofos. Ukuhlushwa kwalo ngesikhathi sokucubungula akufanele kube ngaphezu kuka-0.2%.
Ukulwa nenundu Okokuqala, udinga ukufaka isicupho se-pheromone esihlahleni. Uma uqaphela ukuthi i-butterfly ye-moth iwile kuyo, khona-ke udinga ukufaka i-pheromone emasongweni kuwo wonke umuthi. Futhi iplamu iphathwa nge-0.2% karbofos.
Ukwakheka komqhele kanye nomqhele
Uma uthenga isithombo, wonke amahlumela awo ahluke kakhulu komunye nomunye: amanye angathuthuka kakhulu futhi aphule umqhubi oyinhloko ekukhuleni, abanye, ngokuphambene nalokho, kuphela amamentimitha angu-10 kuphela esiqwini.
Kanti futhi, amagatsha amaningi angadingekile angakhula emthini omncane we-plum, ophazamisa kuphela futhi othunzi izithelo zawo. Ukuze iplamu ibe yintsha, izithelo ezinhle ezithwalayo hhayi ukudala ubunzima lapho zikhetha izithelo, kubaluleke kakhulu fomu njalo yena umqhele.
I-pruning pruning yokuqala iqhutshwa ngokuqondile ngemva kokutshala isithombo endaweni yokuhlala ehlala njalo. Kulokhu, amagatsha awafinyelelanga nje, kubalulekile ukukhetha okungcono kakhulu futhi okuhlala njalo, ekwakheni izingxenye eziningana zazo, amagatsha angu-4-6 ngamunye
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukukhetha umqhubi oyinhloko futhi usike ukuze uhlale isikhathi eside kunamanye amagatsha. Umzila ngamunye olandelayo ohamba ngezansi komqhubi kufanele ube mfushane kunalowo ohamba ngezansi. Okusho ukuthi, Amagatsha amakhulu kunazo zonke kufanele abe phezu kwesigaba esiphansi.
Uma ukhetha amagatsha ofuna ukuhamba ukuze ukhule, sicela uqaphele ukuthi kumele ahambe esitokisini esincane ekhoneni lika-degrees angaphansi kwezingu-40, ngaphandle kwalokho uzosuka ezitshalweni.
Ibanga phakathi kwama-tiers kufanele libe cishe ngamasentimitha angama-40-60., kuye ngokuthi ukuphakama kwesihlahla uqobo. Futhi, inani lamagatsha ane-tier ngayinye elandelanayo, kusukela ekuqaleni, kufanele linciphise.
Izihlahla ezilandelayo zizoklanywa ukuze kugcinwe isimo somqhele futhi zisuse izincintisana ezivela kumqhubi omkhulu kanye namagatsha amakhulu.
Futhi kubalulekile ukusebenzisa isimiso esihlukile emthini we-plum, ukusika amagatsha omuthi ngokuhluma okuqinile kwefihlekile yi-quarter kuphela, uma kungenani-amagatsha waminyaka yonke ahlukaniswa nengxenye eyodwa yesithathu yobude bawo, futhi amagatsha aphethwe amandla kakhulu asisika igatsha ngesigamu.
Lokhu kuzovumela ukuthuthukisa ngenkuthalo ngisho nenani elincane lezinso.
Ukudubula izihlahla zezithelo ezindala ithunyelwe ukususa amagatsha awonakele futhi aphukile kanye namagatsha nokuqothula umqhele (uma kunesidingo). Ngemuva kokudubula amagatsha ashiswa.
Izidingo zomanyolo womuthi
I-Plum ayithandi umanyolo ovame futhi ogcwele. Ngaphandle kokuthi ngesikhathi sokutshala inhlabathi ixubene nemifino ephilayo, eminyakeni yokuqala yokukhula umuthi awudingi ukuphulukiswa.
Okulandelayo, kanye nemvamisa yeminyaka engu-2-3 esikhathini esikude umhlabathi ozungeza umuthi ugcwele ama-humusexutshwe ne-superphosphate ne-potassium sulfate. Ku-1 m2 kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa isigamu ibhakede lomquba, ama-gramu angu-50 we-superphosphate nama-gram angu-20 kuphela we-potassium sulfate.
Entwasahlobo, umuthi uboshwe kahle usebenzisa i-ammonium nitrate, inani elidingekayo elingu-1 m2 kuphela ngama-gramu angu-20 kuphela (kulula ukulihlanza ngamanzi bese usetshenziswa enhlabathini ngendlela yokuchelela).
Ungakhohlwa ngokuphuza
Ukuphuza amaplamu kufanele kube njaloNjengoba amanzi angondli nje kuphela umuthi, wona nawo uphatheka izinga lezithelo. Ukuphuza kokuqala kufanele kube amasonto ama-1.5-2 ngaphambi kokuqala kwesihlahla, futhi kuzophindaphindiwe emva kwesikhathi esifanayo sekuphelile ngemuva kokuba isihlahla sesiphelile.
Ngesikhathi esomile sasehlobo, ukuphuza umuthi sekupheleni kwenyanga ngayinye ehlobo. Ngo-Agasti nangoSeptemba, lesi sihlahla sidinga ukuchelela okunengi, ngenxa yokuthi izinga lezithelo zomuthi lithuthukiswa.
Kubalulekile ukucabangela ukuthi ukuphuza amaplamu kufanele kube njalo futhi kufane nezimo zezulu kanye nomswakama wenhlabathi. Uma kungenjalo, ungabangela ukuqhekeka kwesithelo, noma ukuphuza amaqabunga omuthi weplamu.
Ukupheka iplamu ebusika
Okubaluleke kakhulu, izitshalo ezincane kanye nemithi yamapulangwe eneminyaka eyodwa ubudala ziyesaba ubusika kanye neqhwa layo. Ngakho-ke, kufanele zilungiselelwe ngokucophelela ebusika.
Okokuqala kuwufanele kahle bamba inhlabathi ezungeze umuthingakho-ke iqukethe oksijini okwanele ukukhipha.
Okwesibili, imiqhele yezihlahla ezincane, ngaphandle kokuthi ziboshwe esigxotsheni esiqinile, kufanele ziboshwe emgqeni owodwa - kuyoba lula ngabo ukulwa nemimoya.
Uma usanda kutshala umuthi noma ikhula kuwe kuphela kusukela ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ngakho-ke ngokuvamile I-prikopat enconyiwe ebusika eqhweni.
Isiqu somuthi ovuthiwe futhi uhlanganiswe ngeqhwa elingaphezulu futhi lihlanganiswe ne-hay. Uma umuthi mkhulu futhi unezinhlamvu eziningi ezihamba kude ne-trunk ngecala elimangalisayo, kufanele zisekelwe ngezigxobo ukuze zingaphuli ngaphansi kwesisindo seqhwa.
