Ngokuqhubekayo, abalimi bakhetha ukusebenzisa imifino ephilayo njengokondla. Omunye wabo u-peat. Nokho, qaphela ukuthi akufanele yonke inhlabathi. Yebo, bese usebenzisa lokhu umanyolo kufanele ube ngokuhlakanipha, ukuze ungalimazi izitshalo noma umhlaba.
Mayelana nalokho okuyi-peat, ukuthi kwenzekani nokuthi uyayisebenzisa kanjani ngokufanele umanyolo esakhiweni segadi, funda ezigabeni ezilandelayo.
Uyazi? I-Peat ithole uhlelo lokusebenza olubanzi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene. Isetshenziswe njengamafutha emisebenzini yomphakathi, njengezinto zokushisa ukushisa ekwakhiweni, njengomanyolo kwezolimo, izinto zokusetshenziswa embonini yamakhemikhali, ukulala ngezilwane. Izakhiwo ezizuzisayo ze-peat zisetshenziselwa ukwelashwa.
I-peat yenziwa kanjani emvelweni, izinhlobo ze-peat
Peat - Kuyinto yamaminerali engasetshenzisiwe engokwemvelo yemvelo. Imelela ubukhulu obukhulu bombala omnyama noma obomvu obunobumba obunqamule, obunokuhlukaniswa kancane emanzini ezinsalela zezitshalo ezixubene nomhlabathi.
Kulesi simo, umswakama ophezulu kanye nokungabi khona kwe-oksijini kuvimbela ukubola okuphelele kwezitshalo ze-marsh. Kunombono wokuthi i-peat yisigaba sokuqala sokubunjwa kwamalahle.
Njengengcebo, i-peat isakhiwe ngezigqoko ze-peat, emigodini yemifula, emanzini amaningi. Ukuqoqwa kwalo kungase kwenzeke ngaphezu kwezinkulungwane zeminyaka. I-peat ilala phansi emhlabathini noma emanzini amancane (kuya ku-10 m) ukujula ngaphansi kwezingqimba zamaminerali.
Uyazi? Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi i-peat deposits yezwe iyinani lamathani ayizigidi ezingu-250 kuya ku-500. Ama-peatlands akha amaphesenti angu-3 omhlaba.Kuye ngezimo ezikhulayo kanye nokuqoqwa kwezitshalo ezakha lezinto zemvelo, i-peat ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo ezintathu:
- ukugibela amahhashi;
- isiqhingi;
- ukuguquka.
Mayelana ne-peat ephakeme Imithombo yezesayensi ithi le mineral, enamaphesenti angama-95% wezitshalo zohlu oluphezulu, ngokuvamile i-pin, i-larch, i-cotton utshani, i-marsh sedge, njll.
Yakhiwa ezindaweni eziphakeme - emithambekeni, emanzini angaphansi komhlaba, njll. Inomphumela we-acid (pH = 3.5-4.5) kanye nezinga eliphansi lokuchithwa.
Ezolimo ikakhulukazi esetshenziselwa ama-composts, izingxube ze-container, njenge-mulch, i-substrate yezithombo zokugcina izithombo.
I-Lowland peat liqukethe amaphesenti angama-95% wezitshalo ezingenasiphelo eziqhekekile ngokuphelele. I-spruce, i-alder, i-birch, i-willow, i-fern, umhlanga, njll njalo ihileleke ekubunjweni kwalolu hlobo. Yakha emithanjeni nasezikhukhuleni zemifula.
I-Lowland peat ine-reaction ye-neutral noma ye-acid (pH = 5.5-7.0), ngenxa yokuthi isetshenziselwe ukunciphisa ubuningi bomhlabathi. Kuyinto ewusizo kakhulu futhi ecebile kumaminerali (iqukethe kufika ku-3% nitrogen, kuze kufike ku-1% i-phosphorus). Kuzo zonke izinhlobo, okunomsoco kunawo wonke futhi okuvamile kulesi sicelo.
Uhlobo lokuguquka Iqukethe izitshalo eziphezulu ezingamaphesenti angu-10-90% angu-90, kanti ezinye zakhiwa izitshalo zezintambo eziphansi.
Yakhelwe ngamafomu okusiza okuphakathi. It is reaction acid kancane (pH = 4.5-5.5).
Ukuguqulwa kwamapulangwe kanye ne-lowland peat kuyasetshenziswa njengomanyolo wegadi yemifino, ngoba uletha izinzuzo ezinkulu enhlabathini.
Uhlobo ngalunye lubuye lwahlukana zibe yi-subtypes emithathu, lubonisa uhlobo lwezitshalo oluvela kuso. Lawa ma-subtypes ahlukanisiwe:
- amahlathi;
- ihlathi lehlathi;
- i-swampy.
- i-woody (iqukethe okungenani ama-residu angu-40% enkuni);
- izinkuni-herbal (iqukethe u-15-35% wezinkuni zokhuni, phakathi kwabanye - i-herbaceous predominate);
- izinkuni (iqukethe ama-13-35% wezinkuni zokhuni, phakathi kwabanye - ukuphathwa kwe-moss);
- utshani (luqukethe okungaphansi kuka-10% kwezinsalela zezinkuni, kuze kube ngu-30% wezinsiza, ezinye ziyizinsalela zotshani);
- utshani-umsila (ohlanganiswe: izinsalela zezinkuni - 10%, ama-mosses - 35-65%, izinsalela zotshani);
- i-moss (iqukethe izinsalela ezingu-10% zokhuni, 70% we-moss).
Ezolimo, i-peat ihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili:
- ukukhanya (ukukhanya);
- enzima (emnyama).
Izici ze-peat, izakhiwo zamaminerali
Ukuze ubhekane nesimo se-peat, cabanga ngokubunjwa kanye nezakhiwo zalesi sihlahla. Ngakho, i-peat iqukethe:
- i-humus (imikhiqizo ephilayo ehlukanisiwe kancane);
- amaminerali;
- amanzi.
- ikhabhoni - 40-60%;
- i-hydrogen - 5%;
- oksijini - 2-3%;
- isulfure, i-phosphorus, i-potassium - ngesamba esincane.
Uyazi? Abanye abantu banombuzo othi: "Ingabe i-peat mineral or not?". Kufanele kucatshangwe njengetshe eliyisidumbu.Ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwekhabhoni, ukushisa okuvamile kokushisa kwe-peat kungu-21-25 MJ / kg, okungakhula ngokuqhekeka nokuqukethwe kwamakhemikhali e-organic - bitumen.
Ukubukeka, isakhiwo kanye nezindawo zalolu hlobo lwesimo sokwemvelo njengoba izigaba zokubola ziguquka. Ngakho, umbala ushintsha kusuka obala ophuzi ube mnyama. Ukuhluka okungafani nokuqedwa kuyoba isakhiwo - i-fibre noma i-amorphous, kanye ne-porosity.
Uma i-peat ishisa kakhulu, kancane kancane iyoqukatha izinto ezincibilika kwamanzi futhi i-hydrolyzed kalula, futhi okuphakeme kuyoba okuqukethwe kwama-humic acid kanye nama-non-hydrolyzed residue.
Uyazi? Mayelana nezakhiwo ze-peat ezaziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Okukhulunywe ngaye kuqala kutholakala emibhalweni yesazi seRoma uPliny the Elder, odlule ngo 77 AD. Kukhona imithombo ekhombisa ukuthi i-peat isetshenziswe ekhulwini le-XII-XIII eScotland naseHolland. ERussia, ukutadisha kwezinto zasendulo kwaqala ngekhulu le-XVII.
Impahla eyinhloko ye-peat yi-accumulation yemikhiqizo ye-carbon ne-photosynthesis.Ukubeka emhlabathini kusiza ukuthuthukisa umswakama wayo nokuphefumula, ukuguguleka, ukubunjwa kwe-microbiological kanye nokudla okunomsoco.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-peat iyakwazi ukuphulukisa inhlabathi, ukunciphisa izinga le-nitrate kuyo, ifinyelela umphumela wezibulala-zinambuzane. Ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwama-humic nama-amino acids, ithuthukisa ukukhula kwezitshalo nokuthuthukiswa. Lezi zakhiwo zingachaza ukuthi kungani i-peat iyasiza kakhulu engadini.
Ikhwalithi ye-peat ilinganiselwa kuye ngamazinga we-nitrogen, i-potassium, i-phosphorus. Iphinde ilinganiswe ngokwezindinganiso njengomlotha, umswakama, value calorific, degree of decomposition.
Indlela yokusebenzisa i-peat njengomanyolo
Ukusetshenziswa kwezilwandle kanye ne-peat yesikhashana e-dacha njengomanyolo kuvumela ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zomzimba zenhlabathi, okwenza kube khona umoya-nomswakama-ongenakwenzeka. Futhi, i-peat inomphumela omuhle ekuthuthukiseni uhlelo lwempande zezitshalo.
Kungcono ukuyisebenzisa emhlabathini onesihlabathi nomhlabathi. Ukondla umanyolo ngesisekelo sezwe elivundile elihlabayo ngezinga le-humus le-4-5% alinangqondo. Kodwa ingabe kufanelekile ukwenza loam, umbuzo ovulekile, izingxoxo kulo magazini ziqhubeka.
Njengoba i-high-moor peat ingashukumisa i-acidification yenhlabathi, ayisetshenzisiwe njengomanyolo, esetshenziselwa ukuhlanganiswa kwenhlabathi kuphela. Kodwa-ke, kufanelekile ukuba wenze ukubhuka ukuthi kunezitshalo eziningana ezidinga inhlabathi enomsoco noma encane uma utshala. Lokhu kubandakanya ama-blueberries, i-heather, i-rhododendron, i-hydrangea. Izitshalo ezinjalo zifaka umquba kanye nethebhulethi ngenhlobo ephezulu ye-peat.
Ukuze umphumela wokudla we-peat ube ngaphezulu, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa i-peat, ene-degree de decomposition okungenani engu-30-40%. Futhi, uma ungena emhlabathini kudingeka udlale amaphuzu abalulekile:
- I-lowland peat ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa ingaphansi kokuphuza umoya nokugaya;
- ukugqoka izinto akufanele kube ngokweqile (umswakama omkhulu - 50-70%).
Kubalulekile! Ekulimeni nasekuhloleni i-floriculture, i-peat ngendlela ehlanzekile ayisetshenzisiwe; isetshenziselwa ukutshala izitshalo ezihlanganisweni nezinye izitshalo zomanyolo ezimbiwe namaminerali noma kumquba. Isicelo esingalungile singalimaza ukutshala izitshalo nokulimaza emhlabathini.Ukuze ungalimazi ukugqoka okungalungile, kuqala udinga ukwazi ukuguqulwa kwesilinganiso se-peat. Kunendlela yokukuthola ngokushesha.
Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga ukuthatha i-peat encane, cindezela ngesibindi, bese ubamba ipheshana elimhlophe.
Uma umkhondo obuthakathaka uhlala noma ungabonakali nhlobo, izinga lokuqedwa alikho ngaphezu kuka-10%.
Umzila wombala ophuzi obala ophuzi noma okhanyayo ubonisa ukuphuka kwamaphesenti angu-10-20.
Umbala obomvu, obomvu uveza ukuthi i-peat ine-biomass ehlaselwe ngu-20-35%.
Ngezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokubola - 35-50% - i-peat ibala lephepha elimhlophe, elibomvu noma elimnyama umbala, kanti i-smear izobe ibushelelezi. Futhi uzothatha isandla sakho.
Uma i-peat iqukethe izinto eziye zadilizwa ngu-50% noma ngaphezulu, umdwebo ephepheni uzovezwa ngemibala emnyama.
Ukusetshenziswa kwepeat engxenyeni engadini kungenzeka nge:
- isicelo senhlabathi ukuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwayo;
- ukulungiselela i-substrate yokutshala;
- njengento eluhlaza yokulungiselela ama-fertilizer;
- njengesikhwama semfuyo yezitshalo ngaphambi kwesikhathi sasebusika;
- ekwakhiweni kwamabhuloki we-peat for izithombo, ukuqinisa ama-slopes, ilungiselelo lesensimu.
Inhloso eyinhloko, kungani udinga ukwenza i-peat, ukuthuthukisa izindawo zomhlabathi. Ukuze uphumelele, peat nganoma yisiphi isikhathi unikele 2-3 amabhakede per 1 imitha square. Lokhu kuyokwanela ukwandisa izinga lezinto eziphilayo eziwusizo ngo-1%. Ukugqoka okunjalo kungenziwa minyaka yonke, kancane kancane kuletha izinga lokuzala kwenhlabathi kuze kube ngcono.
Uma kusetshenziswa i-mulching njenge-peat ehlanzekile, futhi ukuyixuba nge-sawdust, izinaliti zephayini, amagxolo, utshani, umquba.
Kubalulekile! Ngaphambi kokuncintisana, ukunciphisa i-asidi ye-peat ngokufaka uhlaka lwamapulangwe, i-lime noma i-dolomite.Kodwa-ke, kuyasiza kakhulu ukusebenzisa i-peat njengomanyolo ngendlela ye-compost.
I-peat compost: indlela yokwenza nokuthi ingafisa kanjani izitshalo
Kunezinketho eziningi zokwenza umquba kusuka ku-peat.
Peat umquba. Umswakama we-peat ovuthiwe 70% ubeka ungqimba we-45 cm ngaphansi kwe-canopy noma ifilimu. Benza ngaphakathi kwesikhashana lapho isilwane sesifuba sithela khona, siwafafaze nge-peat ukuze sigxile ngokuphelele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umquba uqiniswa umhlaba ukudala i-microclimate ekhethekile. Uma impahla yomquba isomile, ithela. Kuzofaneleka ukusetshenziswa ngemuva konyaka. Kungcono ukusebenzisa entwasahlobo. Ukusetshenziswa - isikwele esingu-2-3 kg / 1. m
Umquba kusuka ku-peat nomquba. Ukuze ukulungiswa kwalo manyolo kuzohambisana nanoma yimuphi umquba: ihhashi, izinkukhu, inkomo. Isimiso ukubeka ungqimba we-peat (50 cm) kanye noqweqwe lomquba. Ukuphakama kwebhukimakhi akumele kudlule u-1.5 m. I-Peat isetshenziselwa ungqimba oluphezulu. Njalo emva kwezinyanga eziyi-1.5-2, umquba kufanele uxube, uguqule izendlalelo ezindaweni.
Kumele futhi ngezikhathi ezithile uphuze umuthi we-herbal infusions, isisombululo esinomsoco we-potash umanyolo, isilonda.
Umquba kusuka ku-peat, umquba, i-sawdust. Le recipe izokutshela ukuthi uzothola kanjani ukugqoka okuyigugu okusekelwe phezulu kwe-peat. Ilungiselelwe njengekhekhe lesendlalelo. Uhlaka lwe-peat luthululiwe, i-sawdust isethwe phansi ngendwangu ye-10 cm, ukhula, iziqongo, nokudoba kokudla okungama-20 cm. Khona-ke, uma kutholakala, ungqimba lwama-20-cm lomquba uthululwa.
Uhlaka lwe-peat lubekiwe phezulu. Yonke inqwaba ayifanele idlule ku-1.5 m. Kusukela ezinhlangothini ihlanganiswe nomhlaba. Faka isicelo salomquba emva kweminyaka engu-1-1.5. Konke lokhu kudingekile ukukuxuba, uthele ngesisombululo se-superphosphate, slurry. Yenza intwasahlobo ngesilinganiso se-1-2 kg / 1 isikwele. m
Kubalulekile! Izinqwaba zomquba kumele zivikeleke ekukhanyeni kwelanga, zakhiwe ama-awnings. Ekwindla bahlanganiswa namahlamvu awile.
Umquba usetshenziswa ngendlela efanayo nomquba - umane uhlakazekile ngefosholo elizungeze isayithi noma ufafaze inhlabathi ezungeze iziqu zezitshalo, kulandelwa ukumba, kufakwe emithonjeni ngaphambi kokutshala. Kumele uhambisane nemikhombandlela elandelayo ephakanyisiwe:
- ngokumba - 30-40 kg / 1 isikwele. m;
- kumbuthano we-pristvolny, umgodi - ungqimba obubanzi obuyi-5-6 cm.
I-Peat njengomanyolo: zonke izinzuzo nezingozi
Sibheke izici ezisemqoka kanye nezakhiwo ze-peat nokuthi yini esetshenziselwa yona. Kulesi sigaba sizozama ukuqonda ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukusebenzisa le manyolo, futhi uqhathanise izindawo zayo eziwusizo nezinye izinto eziphilayo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-peat eyodwa kuphela njengomanyolo akukwazi ukukhiqiza imiphumela ekulindelekile - kungcono ukusebenzisa ezinye izinhlobo zokugqoka ngendlela yezinto eziphilayo kanye namaminerali.
Namuhla, lapho umanyolo ophilayo uvele ekuthengeni okubanzi, abalimi nabalimi babhekene nokukhetha okunzima ngalokho okugqoka okuphezulu okukunikeza khona. Uma uzibuza: i-peat noma i-humus - okungcono, ke siyabona ukuthi bobabili bahle futhi bangaphansi komunye nomunye ezindaweni zabo zokudla okunomsoco. Noma kunjalo, i-peat izodinga kakhulu kunama-humus. Ngakho, isibonelo, esakhiweni samamitha ayi-square ayi-square. m kuzodinga i-peat - 20 kg, humus - 70 kg.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, udinga ukuqonda ukuthi yini ofuna ukuyisebenzisa umanyolo othile. Uma inhlabathi impofu kakhulu, okokuqala kufanele uthuthukise isakhiwo sayo ngosizo lwe-peat, bese uhambela ekuzaleni kwayo, okwenza i-humus. Ungaphinda usebenzise i-peat ukumba, futhi umboze ngendwangu ye-humus phezulu ngenhloso engcono.
Ngokuvamile kunenkinga ngaphambi kokuba abanikazi bezilwane ezimbi: i-peat noma inhlabathi emnyama - okungcono. I-Huge plus chernozem enokuqukethwe okukhulu kwe-humus - ingxenye ephilayo, okudingekayo ekukhuleni kwezitshalo.
Kodwa-ke, le mhlabathi omnyama yiyona eningi igciwane lesifo nezinambuzane, ezisongela isivuno sesikhathi esizayo.
I-peat iqukethe nama-humus ngokwemali ngezinye izikhathi ngaphezu kwalokho okuqukethwe emhlabathini omnyama. Uma ixubene nesihlabathi, i-perlite (i-vermiculite), i-humus, khona-ke le substrate izodlula inhlabathi emnyama ezindaweni zayo.
Manje uyayazi ulwazi oluphelele mayelana ne-peat, ukuthi kuyini nokuthi kanjani ukuyisebenzisa ngendlela efanele. Uma ama-fertilizer we-peat aboniswa ngempela ezweni lakubo, yenzeni ngendlela efanele nangempumelelo, ukuze ugweme imiphumela emibi.
