Indima izibungu zomhlaba emvelweni nasekuphileni komuntu kunzima ukugcizelela. I-earthworm ehloniphekile iyinhlangano ebalulekile ekudaleni inhlabathi evundile, ngakho-ke ukudalwa kokudla kungukuphila kwesintu. Nakuba singacabangi ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa ngaphandle kwemifino, ukuphila kwethu kungaba nzima.
Izimbongolo zemvelo: Incazelo
I-Earthworm noma i-earthworm -yi-worm tubular worm. Lihlala enhlabathini enomanzi futhi lidla ngezinto eziphilayo. Isilinganiso sokuphila seminyaka engama-4 kuya kwangu-8. Ngokuya ngohlobo lwezakhamuzi ezithile zenhlabathi, umhlaba wezwe ungaphila iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-10. Uhlelo lokugaya lwesibungu luhamba lonke ubude bomzimba walo, futhi ukuhamba kwesethi yemisipha yomugqa wamathumbu kunomthelela wokugaya ukudla.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mhlaba omncane unesimiso sezinzwa zomphakathi kanye nesiphambano, futhi uyakwazi ukuphefumula ngesikhumba. Izicubu ezihlangene (amathambo noma i-cartilage) azikho ngokuphelele emzimbeni womhlaba. Umzimba wayo omude, ogcwele umthamo wamanzi omzimba, usebenza njengomzimba wama-hydrostatic. Imisipha yonyaka kanye neyesikhathi eside ehlangene ngayinye ngayinye ivumela invertebrate ekhonjisiwe ukuba ihambe.
Uyazi? Isakhiwo somzimba we-earthworm ikuvumela ukuba ubize ngokuqiniseka ukuthi ungomunye wabahlali abakhulu kakhulu emhlabeni, ngoba akanaso amehlo, ayikho izindlebe, ngisho namaphaphu. Kodwa-ke, inenhliziyo eziningana, futhi umthamo wamanzi omnyama omboza isikhumba segciwane uyayilondoloza kuma-predators, njengoba inomdla ongathandeki kubo.
Izinhlobo zezibungu
Izibungu zomhlaba - Leli qembu elikhulu lezinhlobo ezivela emindenini ehlukene. Izinhlobo zomhlaba zomhlaba zingatholakala kuwo wonke amazwekazi eplanethi yethu. Kuphelele, kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-2,000. Kulezi, cishe ama-40 asakazwa kabanzi e-Yurophu, futhi edumile kunazo zonke: i-earthworm evamile (i-Lumbricus terrestries) ne-worm (Eisenia faetida).
I-earthworm ejwayelekile ingafinyelela ku-30 cm ubude; unomzimba obomvu noma obomvu; uhlala emasimini, izingadi nezithelo zezithelo. Kuyigugu kakhulu ukumba amavesi ajulile emhlabathini (kuze kufike kumamitha amathathu ajulile).
Isibungu se-Dung kancane kancane kunejwayelekile (4 kuya ku-14 cm ubude). Umzimba wayo unombala okhuni onemibala ephuzi emasongweni. Igama le-worm likhuluma ngokwalo: litholakala kuphela enhlabathini yomquba. Ukuze usinde, le nsilinga engenayo ifuna umhlaba uhanjiswe ngezinto eziphilayo. Ibanga lokushisa elungile lembumbulu ngu-15 ... + 25 ° С.
Izimbongolo zomhlaba nazo zihlukaniswa nezici eziphilayo, okungukuthi, ngezinhlobo zokudla nokuhlala endaweni.
Ngokusekelwe kulezi zimpawu, kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko:
- izibungu ezihlala emhlabathini;
- izibungu zihlala ngaphakathi emhlabathini.
Uyazi? Igama lakhe elithi "earthworm" libuyele emuva Ikhulu le-XVI. Kungenzeka ukuthi abantu bamnike leli gama ngenxa yokuphila kwakhe okusebenzayo: esimweni sezulu sezulu, imbungu iyafika phezulu, kusukela kungenjalo ubungozi obunzima.
Izici zomjikelezo wokuphila wemifucumfucu
Umjikelezo wokuphila wezinhlobo eziningi zemifucumfucu ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezine:
- Isigaba sokuqala: ukuqothula izibungu kusuka ku-cocoon. Inqubo yokuvuthwa kwamaqanda ithatha kusuka emavikini amabili kuya kwezinyanga ezintathu, emva kwalokho imibungu ishiya ama-cocoons. Ukushisa kwesimo sezulu, ngokushesha abantu abasha bayothuthuka, futhi esimweni sezulu esifudumele, amaqanda avuthiwe ngokuphelele ezinsukwini ezingu-14 (uma kuqhathaniswa, ezimweni ezibandayo, le nqubo ihlala cishe izinsuku ezingu-60).
- Isigaba sesibili: ngeukuvuthwa kwabantu abadala. Sekusezinkathini zokuqala zokuphila (emva kwezinyanga ezingu-2-3), izibungu ezincane ziqala ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lwabo lokuzala, futhi kungakapheli unyaka owodwa umzimba omusha omusha usungulwe ngokuphelele.
- Isigaba sesithathu: ukukhiqizwa. Ama-wormsworms are hermaphroditic, okungukuthi, umuntu ngamunye unamalungu omzimba wesilisa nowesifazane. Naphezu kwalokhu, izimpethu kumele zihlanganyele ukuzala. Izibungu ezimbili zibambe ndawonye bese zakha igobolondo, ezinika ithuba lokushintshanisa isidoda. Ukukhulelwa kwenzeka emzimbeni womabili.
- Isiteji Sesine: Mayelanaubeka i-cocoon. Ngemva kokuba inqubo yokukhulelwa iphelile, izimpethu ziyahlukanisa futhi zenze ama-cocoons ngaphakathi emizimbeni yazo, emva kwalokho ziqhubekela emhlabathini ukuze ziqhubeke nokuvuthwa. I-cocoon ejwayelekile iqukethe emibungu engu-1 kuya kwemihlanu.
Izimpethu kanjani ensimini
Ukuhlakulela kanye nokwanda kwemifucumfucu ensimini kuletha izinzuzo ezinkulu enhlabathini. Uma zikhona enhlabathini ngokwanele, zingadlala indima ebalulekile ekutshalweni okuphumelelayo kwezitshalo. Izidalwa ezinomoya ezingenakubalwa zingabangane abangcono kakhulu. Abanye abalimi baze bababize ngokuthi "ama-agrotechnists endala yemvelo," ngoba abacebile inhlabathi, imifino yomhlaba oyithola kuwo. Kodwa yiziphi izinzuzo ezithile izimpethu eziletha emhlabathini? Okokuqala, bazokwenza wonke umsebenzi onzima, njengoba bekwazi ukukhulula umhlaba, ukuthuthukisa isakhiwo salo, ukulondoloza nokwandisa ukuzala.
Lapho behamba engadini, badala imigudu efana nokulima, evumela umoya namanzi ukufinyelela imbewu kanye nezimpande zezitshalo. Ngakho, izibungu zomhlaba zenza njenge-pahari encane engabonakali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banikeza izitshalo ngokudla futhi abavikele ezilwaneni nezifo. I-Worms yilabo abakhiqizi abakhulu be-humus ezinzile, njengoba bedla izinto eziphilayo, njengamaqabunga abolile, utshani obunamanzi ngisho nosizi.
Ukugaya ukudla, lezi zinhlayiya ezingcolile, ezicebile phosphorus, calcium, nitrogen kanye ne-magnesium, ezisiza ekuthuthukiseni inhlabathi nokukhula kwezitshalo. Ngakho-ke, lapho uthola izibungu eziningi ensimini yazo futhi uzibuza ukuthi ziyingozi yini engadini, impendulo izoba yinto engalungile.
Uyazi? Bambalwa abantu abazi lokho UCharles Darwin (isazi semvelo esidumile, oye wachaza inkolelo yokukhethwa kwemvelo, wayenesithakazelo emigodini yemifino. Usosayensi waphawula futhi wafunda izimpethu iminyaka engama-40 futhi ngenxa yalokho washicilela incwadi ephathelene nabo ebizwa ngokuthi "Ukwenziwa koqweqwe lwezitshalo zomhlaba ngomsebenzi wemifino yemifino nokubona indlela yabo yokuphila" (1881).
Indlela yokwandisa inani lezibungu ensimini
Izimbongolo zomhlaba kanye nokuzala kwenhlabathi zihlobene kakhulu. Abalimi bezitshalo abafuna ukwandisa inani lemifino emhlabathini engadini bangakwenza lokhu ngokungeza indaba engaphezulu. Ikakhulukazi, ukuhlanganiswa kwenhlabathi kuzokusiza ukuheha umhlaba. Izinto ezihlukahlukene zisetshenziselwa ukugqoka umhlabathi: i-humus, amaqabunga awile, utshani obunamanzi, umquba, umquba womquba.
Ukuzala izibungu ku-chervyatnik
Izimbongolo zomhlaba zidinga kuphela izimo ezimbalwa lapho zizohlala khona futhi zande ngokuphumelelayo: umswakama okwanele, ubumnyama nokudla. Isikhathi esihle kakhulu sokuhlela i-chervyatnik isentwasahlobo noma ekuqaleni kwehlobo, njengalesi simo izimpethu zizoba nesikhathi sokwandisa futhi zithole amandla ngaphambi kokuqala kwasebusika. Ngakho-ke, ake sibone ukuthi singazala kanjani izimpethu ensimini.
Indlela yokwenza nokulungiselela i-chervyatnik
Njengendawo yokuhlala yezibungu, ungasebenzisa noma yimuphi umthamo - ibhokisi, indawo enkulu yokugeza, ibhati lokudala. Izimo ezifanelekayo zemifucumfucu ingahlinzekwa kumgquba ovulekile, onenzuzo. Nokho, kulokhu kudingekile ukuba unakekele ukuvikelwa okwengeziwe kwama-invertebrates. Isakhiwo somhlaba esabelwe i-chervyatnik kuvame ukuvikelwa ngegridi yensimbi, futhi sihlanganiswe negridi ekhethekile ephezulu.
Ukuze kube lula, ukunakekelwa okuqhubekayo kwe-chervyatniki, ubukhulu bayo akufanele kube mkhulu kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwezindlu ezizayo izimpethu, udinga ukubeka umquba (cishe ububanzi obungama-40 cm) futhi uwuthulule kahle ngamanzi afudumele (mhlawumbe amanzi emvula). Khona-ke kufanele umboze udoti ngotshani bese uvumele ukuba ubhale izinsuku ezingu-5-6. Manje indawo yokuhlala ilungele ukungena.
Ukubeka izibungu
Imifino yemifino yokukoloni ingatholakala engadini yabo (abantu abaqoqiwe ngemuva kokuba imvula ingcono kunazo zonke izimpande) noma ivele ibathenge. Ukuze uthole i-chervyatnik enhle ezohlala ikunikeza nge-biohumus, udinga kusuka kubantu abangu-500 kuya ku-1000 ngomunye umgundi we-1. Siqala inqubo yokuhlala. Ephakathi nendawo yokuhlala kubalulekile ukwenza imbobo bese uguqula ibhakede lezibungu lapho. Bese usakaza ngokucophelela izimpethu futhi umboze ngotshani noma uxoxe phezulu. Imiphumela yokuqala ingahlolwa ngesonto. Hlola njalo ukuthi izimpethu zizwa kanjani emvelweni omusha. Uma behamba futhi befihla emini, khona-ke konke kuhambisane.
Kubalulekile! Ukuze izimbungulu zikwazi ukuzivumelanisa kalula, Ukudla kufanele kuqale emva kwamasonto 3-4 emva kokulungisa, futhi ngaphambi kwalokho, ungakhohlwa ukuvame ukuwazisa i-chervyatnik ngamanzi afudumele afudumele.
Indlela yokunakekela izibungu ku-chervy
Impendulo yombuzo othi "Zingaki izibungu zomhlaba ezihlala?" Ngokuqondile kuxhomeke ekunakekeleni kokunakekelwa kwazo kanye nemibandela eyenziwe. Ukuphila okuvamile kwezibungu kudinga umswakama (indawo yezindlu zabo ngezikhathi ezithile idinga ukuphuziswa) nokupholisa okuhambisanayo, ngakho ikhaya kufanele lihanjiswe emthunzini. Ama-invertebrates afisa ukwengeza isihlabathi esithile kumquba, futhi afafaza ama-eggshell achotshoziwe phezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kudingeka badle ukudla okwanele, ngakho-ke ungakhohlwa ukufaka ukudla okusha ku-chervyatnik kanye nezinsuku ezimbili. Noma kunjalo, akufanele nanini udlule izimpethu.
Kulabo abanesithakazelo kulokho okudla ukudla komhlaba, siyaqaphela ukuthi badla cishe noma yikuphi okubonakalayo okutholakala engxenyeni engadini. Imfuno kuphela ukuthi ukudla kufanele kuqoshwe, ngoba izibungu azizinamazinyo. Zama futhi ukulondoloza ukwakheka kokuphakelayo njalo.
Kubalulekile! Ngaphambi kokufaka ibhegi entsha yokudla ku-chervyatnik, qiniseka ukuthi izimpethu zidlile eyedlule, njengoba kudingekile ukugwema ukuqoqwa ngokweqile kokudla okungajwayelekile. Izinsalela zokudla emquba, lapho izibungu zihlala khona, zingakwazi ukwandisa kakhulu i-asidi yayo, ngaleyo ndlela idale Izimo ezibulalayo zezimpethu zakho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudla okweqile kungadonsela izinambuzane ezifana nemikhaza.
Indlela yokuqoqa ama-vermicompost ama-worms
Inhloso eyinhloko yokuzalanisa izihlahla zomhlaba yikhiqiza i-vermicompost. I-Biohumus noma i-vermicompost - uhLokhu kuyimanyolo engokwemvelo, engokwemvelo etholakala ekusetshenzisweni kwezinambuzane zasemakhaya kanye nezimboni. Ngamanye amazwi, ngokusebenzisa inqubo yokugaya inyama yemvelo, izibungu zomhlaba ziguqula izidakamizwa ezihlukahlukene kumanyolo wemvelo. Ukuze izitshalo zasendle, imifino, izimbali nezihlahla, ukucubungula umquba ngezimpethu kuyithuba elihle lokuthola umanyolo ophezulu.
Izinambuzane zihlala ikakhulukazi enhlabathini engaphezulu, kanti i-biohumus ezikhiqizayo ziqoqa ezingxenyeni ezingezansi. Ukuze uyiqoqe, udinga ukususa ngokucophelela ungqimba oluphezulu lwezibungu bese ulithumela esitsheni esisha esilungisiwe. Uhlaka olungezansi luhlungwa futhi lubekwe emibhedeni.
Indlela yokuvikela i-chervyatnik ebusika
Isimo sezulu esibandayo singathinta kakhulu impumelelo yokuzalanisa izimbongolo emhlabeni. Ngakho-ke, ebusika kukhona isethi ethile yemisebenzi lapho unakekela i-chervyatnik.
Uhlu olulandelayo lunikeza izinyathelo eziyinhloko zokuvikela nokucubungula kwe-chervyatnik emazingeni okushisa aphansi:
- Ukudla okunciphise. Phakathi nesikhathi lapho izinga lokushisa elizungeze i-chervyatnik liwela ngezansi + 2 ... + 3 ° С, kuyadingeka ukunciphisa kakhulu inani lokudla. Cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo, izibungu ngokwazo ziyeka ukudla nokuziqhenya.
- Hambisa i-chervyatnik endaweni efudumele. Ama-frost ayingozi kakhulu ku-chervyatnik, njengoba izibungu zingase zife ngamakhaza aphansi. Ngakho-ke, indawo yokuhlala i-spineless kufanele ithuthelwe endaweni efudumele. Zama ukugcina izinga lokushisa elizungeze i-chervyatnik ngenhla + 4 ° С yokushisa. Futhi ungakhohlwa mayelana nokuphuza umoya ekamelweni. Izinambuzane zidinga oksijeni nomoya omusha, futhi ngenxa yokuntula kwabo ngokushesha zigula.
- Lawula ukuhamba kwezibungu. Ezimweni ezibandayo, izibungu ziqala ukuhamba ngenkuthalo. Uma kukhona inqwaba yezilwane ezifuywayo ku-chervyatnik yakho, lokhu kungadala umonakalo omkhulu. Izimpethu zizolwela ukuyeka kakhulu i-chervyatnik ukufuna izimo ezingcono zokuphila, kodwa inkinga ukuthi ekugcineni uzothola befile phansi. Ngakho-ke, qaphela futhi ubuke ukuhamba kwamagceke abo.
Njengoba ubona, ukuzaliswa kwemifino emhlabathini akuyona inkinga kakhulu, kodwa ngiyabonga. Laba bantu basemhlabeni abawusizo banikeza umanyolo wemvelo - i-biohumus, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi umanyolo oyingqayizivele futhi obaluleke kakhulu wesizukulwane esisha, okuphinde kubonakale indima engenakuphulukiswa yezibungu emhlabathini.
