Izithombo zamatamatayi ziyafa uma izimo ezikhulayo ziphulwa - izitshalo ezibuthakathaka zitheleleka ngokushesha ngezifo ezithathelwanayo.
Uma uthola ngesikhathi lapho izithombo zigula futhi ngokushesha zithatha isinyathelo, izithombo zingasindiswa. Yini okufanele uyenze emsebenzini womlimi wensimu ngezinzalo ezikhulayo akuzona ize?
Esihlokweni esihlongozwayo sizokhuluma ngezimbangela zezifo zezitshalo ezincane, kanye nendlela yokuvikela izithombo ezifweni futhi zihlele ukuzinakekela kahle.
Kungani utamatisi uguga?
Izifo zezithombo zisakazwa ngembewu ye-utamatisi, ngokusebenzisa amabhokisi nokufakelwa kwamabhokisi. Ukutshala okunamandla nge-nitrogen ngokweqile emhlabathini kunesifo esithile. I-ventilation engafanele, izinguquko ngokungazelelwe ekushiseni, umswakama owedlulele wamukele ukusakazeka kwezifo.
Ukubonakala kokubola emmpandeni
I-fungal disease Fusarium izimpande zibolile futhi izimpande ze-collar ziholela ekuhlanjuleni okukhulu kwezithombo. Endaweni yomgudu ophakathi, i-root collar kanye nengxenye ephansi ye-stem, izilonda ezinsundu zakhiwa ngeqhakabhaka elibomvu.
I-Pytioz ne-rizoktonioz - izimpande nezimpande zotamatisi, ezithinta izithombo kwi-substrate emanzi. Uma i-pytiose ku-stem, uzobona kuqala i-patry mycelium patina, bese izicubu zempande ne-basal entanyeni zimnyama. Nge-rhizoctonia, izindawo eziluhlaza ezimhlophe zivela phansi phansi.. Umthombo wokutheleleka ugoba emhlabathini wesithombo.
I-Phytophthora i-rot of izimpande zamatamatisi ibangela ukuthi izitshalo zibola - i-pathogen iyathinta intamo impande, izicubu zibola, lesi sitshalo saphela futhi siyafa.
Imbewu kanye nezihlungi ezitheleleke ngefungi zingase zife emhlabathini. - ngenxa yalokho, umqondo ukungabi khona kwamahlumela amicable.
Ukuze uthole ulwazi. Ukuvimbela ukusabalala kwezifo, ngaphambi kokutshala imbewu yosuku oluthambile kwisidakamizwa iPsevdobakterin-2. I-substrate yezithombo ayihlanjululwa nge-steam ekugezeni kwamanzi.
Ukuxazulula inkinga: ngezibonakaliso zokuqala zesifo, ama-fungicides ahlakazwa emanzini asetshenziselwa ukuhlanza izithombo futhi amanzi amanzi, kanti izithombo zihlinzeka umoya omusha. Ezimweni ezimbi, inhlabathi ihlanzwa ngamanzi ahlanzekile noma ishintshiwe ibe entsha.
Ngemuva kokukhetha
Ngokukhethwa ukhethe izitshalo eziqinile, ezilinganayo ezingafani nezifo.
Izithombo ezigcizelelwe emva kokukhethwa zingase zife ngenxa yezizathu ezilandelayo:
Izithombo azizange zondliwe izinsuku ezingu-1-2 ngaphambi kokukhethwa futhi azizange ziphuze ngosuku olulandelayo;- lapho ukufakelwa kabusha izimpande kuqhume.
Izithombo azizange zondliwe izinsuku ezingu-1-2 ngaphambi kokukhethwa futhi azizange ziphuze ngosuku olulandelayo;Uma ukhetha, isitshalo singcwatshwa emhlabathini ukuze ama-cotyledons athathe umhlabathi - ngaleyo ndlela idale izimo ezihle zokubunjwa kwezimpande, futhi isitshalo ngeke sithinteke yizifo ezifakiwe.
Isixazululo: uma izithombo zibuna emva kokukhipha, zondliwa ngama-fertilizer eziyinkimbinkimbi ngesilinganiso samashuuni amabili ngamabhakede ngamanzi, noma izikhukhula zokukhula. Uma emva kokufakelwa kabusha izimpande zivuthwe, isitshalo sitshalwe kabusha - gcina isisindo saso bese ufafaza inhlabathi.
Kusukela emlenzeni omnyama
I-agent ye-causative yezithombo ezimnyama ze-stalk ingathuthuka emazingeni okushisa ngezansi kwe-18 ºC. Ukutheleleka kwebhaktheriya kwenzeka lapho ubuqotho bezincubu. Izithombo zingafa esikhathini esifushane.
Izitshalo nezitshalo ezincane engxenyeni engezansi ye-stem necrosis yendawo. Indawo ethintekile iba mnyama, bese kubola ukubola..
I-agent causative overwinters izitshalo zezitshalo futhi isakazwa izinambuzane.
Izindlela Zokuvikelwa:
- Izitshalo eziphakeme kakhulu zitshalwe, zandulelwa ngaphambi kwesisombululo esibuthakathaka se-potassium permanganate;
- Izithombo zihlwanyela enhlabathini enamandla;
- ubuso bomhlabathi emva kokuhlwanyela imbewu efafazwe ngendwangu yesihlabathi 0.5-1 cm
Akunakwenzeka ukuvimbela ukutshala - kuyadingeka ukuthi inhlabathi nezitshalo zihlale zivela.
Indlela yokuxazulula le nkinga:
- Uma izibonakaliso zokuqala zesifo zitholakala, kuyadingeka ukunciphisa umswakama emoyeni futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuvuthwa kwezitshalo, ukunciphisa ukuchelela.
- Ukomisa inhlabathi, uthele u-2 cm womxube we-ash-sand phezulu. Kulesi simo, izimpande ezingeziwe zingase zenze ngaphezu kwengxenye ethintekile ye-stem.
Ukuze uthole ulwazi. Izithombo ezisesigabeni seqabunga lamashumi ayisihlanu azithathelwanga ne-bacterium yomlenze omnyama.
Ezinye izizathu
Lapho izithombo ezikhulayo ziqapha njalo izinga lokushisa ekamelweni kanye nomswakama ohambelana nomoya.
Ukukhanyisa nokushisa
Ukuphumula okusheshayo emini nasebusuku izinga lokushisa lifaka isandla ekwakhiweni kokutheleleka. Ezimweni eziphansi, izithombo zithinteka kakhulu ezifweni, njengoba ziyeka ukungenisa izakhi.
Umlenze omnyama ukhula ekushiseni kwe-18 ºC nokudlula ngaphezulu kwenhlabathi.
Umswakama
Izithombo ziyagula uma umswakama ohambisanayo emoyeni ekamelweni lokulinganisa ungaphansi kuka 60 nangaphezulu kuka-70%. Ukutshala okunamandla nokuphuza umoya okwanele nakho kunegalelo ekuthuthukiseni izifo. Ukupholisa kabusha ama-stalks namaqabunga akufanele avunyelwe..
Izithombo aziphuzi izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-2 ngesonto, njengoba inhlabathi eyomile - ukuchelela okuvame kakhulu nokuningi kuholela ekufakeni izifo.
Izitshalo ezikhulayo azikhuthazwa ukuba zifakwe ku-spray - ngesikhathi esifanayo, ungqimba lomhlabathi ngezimpande luyawoma, futhi izimo zokubeka ungenhla ezimanzi zokuthuthukiswa kokubola zidalwa. Amanzi okuhlanganisa amanzi ahambisana nokushisa okuphansi aholela ekuthuthukiseni izifo.
Izinkinga zomhlabathi
Uma ingxube yomhlabathi izithombo zilungiselelwe ngokungalungile - ezincane kakhulu, amanzi nezindiza, nge-acidity ephakeme, izimo ezihle zenziwa ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo eziphilayo.
Ama-pathogens agcinwa ezinhlakeni ze-peat nezitshalo. Ngaphambi kokutshala, inhlabathi elungiselelwe yedwa noma ethengwe esitolo kufanele ichithelwa i-disinfected nge-steam.
Kuphi i-substrate ayikwazi ukutshala imbewu ye-tomato:
- ngephunga elimnandi elimnandi;
- ngokunamathela noma ngokuqinile kakhulu;
- ngenani elikhulu lezinsalela zezitshalo ezingafakwanga phansi;
- nokuqukethwe kwesihlabathi esingaphezulu;
- ngezimpawu zokubunjwa emaphaketheni.
Kubalulekile. Utamatisi awukwazi ukuhlwanyelwa enhlabathini ye-peaty ephelelwe yisikhathi - ingakwazi ukufudumala ngokuzenzekelayo, okuyinto engozini ezimpandeni ezincane.
Amaphutha ekukhiqizeni izingxube zomhlabathi eziholela ezifweni zezithombo:
- Awukwazi ukwengeza umquba omusha, amaqabunga angavuliwe kanye nokuphuza itiye - indaba ephilayo iqala ukubola, izinga lokushisa lomhlabathi liphuma.
- Uma ubumba lungena engxenyeni, i-substrate yokubeka uphawu - ukufinyelela kwe-oksijini ezimpandeni kunqunyelwe.
I-concentration ephakeme yezakhi ezitshalweni zingabangela izithombo. Umhlabathi ovuthiwe ovuthiwe ulungiselwe izithombo, kanti ukudla kuhlinzekwa ngendlela efanayo ngesikhathi sokunisela.
Izithombo zifa ngenxa yalokho okunye okuyi-fertilizer. Kulesi simo, i-substrate enezithombo ihlanjululwa ngenani elikhulu lamanzi ahlanzekile, okufanele ageleke ngokukhululekile emigodini yamanzi.
Yini okufanele uyenze ukuze ugcine izithombo?
Uma izifo ezithathelwanayo zingavamile, izithombo ezigulayo zisuswa kanye ne-clod yomhlaba, kanti i-Fitosporin noma isisombululo se-potassium permanganate ifakwe emhlabathini nge-syringe ngaphandle kwenaliti.
Izithombo ziphuziswa nge-Bordeaux liquid (1%) noma ngamanzi afudumele ngenye yezinto ezilungiselelwe kuwo:
- 1.5-2 g we-potassium permanganate ngamalitha angu-10 amanzi;
- 5 g we-sulphate yethusi ngamalitha angu-10 amanzi.
Ekuqaleni kokuthuthukiswa kwezithombo zamagilane ezimnyama kungasindiswa - izithombo zigubha ngokucophelela, zihlanza izimpande kwisisombululo se-potassium permanganate noma i-Fitosporin futhi zifakwa emhlabathini omusha. Ukushisa kwe-air kumele kwenziwe ngendlela evamile - hhayi ephakeme kunama-25 ºC, ukuchelela kufanele kuncishiswe, futhi izithombo kufanele zivame njalo.
Ukuxazulula izinkinga ezinkulu
Izitshalo ezithinteka kakhulu yizimpande zibola, zibhubhisa, kanti zonke izithombo ziphuza ngesisombululo se-foundationol.
Kubalulekile. Uma izithombo zigula kakhulu, indlela engcono kakhulu ukubhubhisa zonke izitshalo ezigulayo, ukuhlambalaza i-crate, ukuyigcwalisa ngomhlabathi oncibilikile nokuhlwanyela imbewu entsha.
Izinyathelo zokuvikela izithombo zihloswe ekugwemeni ukunqotshwa kwezifo nokuvimbela ukufa kwabantu abaningi. Izimo ezinhle zokushisa, inhlabathi nomswakama womoya, i-substrate disinfection, kanye nokudla okumbiwa kwamaminerali kwakha izimo ezihle zokukhulisa ukumelana kwezithombo ezifweni.
